Financial Polynominal Essay

For this assignment the following in instructions are to complete and review the example of how complete the mat required for the assignment. To solve the problem 90 on page 304 of Elementary and Intermediate Algebra and to be sure that all steps of the squaring of the binominal and multiplication along with any simplification that might be used. Evaluate the polynomial resulting from step 1 using: P= $200 and R=10%, and Also with P=5670 and R= 3.5% Complete problem 70 on 311 page on Elementary and Intermediate Algebra show all steps of the division then incorporate words like foil, like terms, descending order, dividend, and divisor. Problem #1 P (1+r/2)2 P [(1+r/2)*(1+ r/2)] P [1 + r/2 +r/2 + r2 /4] P (1+ r + r2/4) Let P + $200 and R = 10% Convert 10% to a decimal which is 10/100 = .1 200* (1 + .1 + .12 /4) 200 + (200* .1) + (200 * .01/4) = 200+ 20+ .5 = 220.5 So you would make 20.5 dollars in the first year and the second year your total account balance would be $ 243.10 Problem #2 Let P = 5670 and r = 3.5 % Convert 3.5 % to a decimal 35/1000 = .035 P (1 + r +r2 /4) 5670* (1 + .035 + .03/4 52) 5670 + (5670 * .035) + (5670 * .00123/4) = 5670 + 198.45+1.74 = 5870.19 Problem #3 In this problem we follow the rules of normal division and exponents division Since the exponent in the divisor -3 xs is positive we will subtract on x from x 3 and that will become x2. So, now that we have 3Ãâ€"2 the process is the same with the entire exponent in the equation. (-9Ãâ€"33 +3Ãâ€"2- 15) / (-3x) (-9Ãâ€"3/-3x) + (3x/-3x) – (15x/-3x) 3Ãâ€"2 –x +5 This equation cannot be Foil, because it is a quadratic equation.

Chinese philosophy Essay

Although the interpretation might be negative and positive, it is not how we actually depict these two aspects. They represent a balance and are interdependent (cannot exist without each other). These two are like a cause and effect. 3. How could the hexagrams of the I Ching (The Book of Changes) be viewed as means of divination? How could they be seen as having personality and wisdom of their own? Note the editorial work of the Confucianism. – Chinese sought the future in the patterns of the shell of the tortoise or in stalks of grains. The shell of the tortoise was sought to be especially in tune with the rhythms of the universe because of the long life of its inhabitant. – With the casting of coins or stalks of a plant, certain patterns emerge. By identifying these patterns, a prediction is made. When casting the coins, they each represented a trigram that when put together you would compare it to your hexagram number. Each hexagram number had a different reading (they were kind of their own version of a fortune cookie). The readings were a form of divination in the way that they each had separate readings about actions to take in the future. They had a personality and wisdom of their own in a sense that each hexagram had a different reading and action to follow. They each had a different fortune. 4. Why did the decline of the feudal system in ancient China set the stage for both Taoism and Confucianism? – When the feudal system began to breakdown, each school chose a different belief to kind of explain what was happening at that time with the  government. Within these schools Taoism and Confucianism developed each with different beliefs on how the government should run and how the people should be run. 5. Contrast the view of the best government as it is revealed in the Tao Te Ching and in the teachings of Confucius. – Confucianism: feudal system was wanted. They seem to have believed that although the gods existed and worship and rituals were of value in bringing people together, these things were of secondary importance to an equitable social order. They strongly believed in government and that society needed an elaborate structure, reinforced by etiquette in order to be effective. – Tao Te Ching: This book was written as a polemic against the Confucians and Legalist who wished for either an idealized form of feudalism or some strong central government. They wanted little to do with government, none if possible. The theme of the book was that all human achievements were folly, especially elaborate government. This book was written by Lao-Tzu in 6th century B. C. E because the gate keeper tried to persuade him to turn back (Hankao Pass) and not leave China. When the gate keeper failed to persuade him he asked him to at least write a book about his teachings (the book took him about 3 days and was made up of 5000 characters). 8. What political difficulties do religions face in China today? – The government only tolerates religious organizations that are willing to accept strict regulations. They have to be free of foreign influence and they must accept government censorship of religious writings and guidance in the selections of clergy, and limit religious activities and approved locations.

Indian Tourism Sector Emmerging Oppurtunities -Emmerging Challenges and Oppurtunities in the Era of Globalisation

INDIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY -EMMERGING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ERA OF GLOBALISATION Dr. GUNDETI RAMESH [email  protected] com FACULTY MEMBER, DEPARTMENET OF ECONOMICS,SATAVAHANA UNIVERSITY, KARIMNAGAR,ANDHRAPRADESH. This paper mainly highlighted the Challenges and Opportunities of the Indian Tourism in the context of globalization. This tourism industry undoubtedly emerged as an instrument of rural employment generation as a labor intensive activity in a labor surplus economy, with its forward and backward linkages with a host sectors like tranport,hospitality and education etc.Finally the paper also makes proper policy suggestion needed communication to promote and boosting tourism in India. Key words: Compound Annual Growth rate (C. A. G. R), Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA),Forward backward linkages INTRODUCTION: Tourism is not only a growth engine but also an export growth engine and employment generator. According to the Economic Survey 20 11-12 the sector has capacity to create large-scale employment both direct and indirect, for diverse sections in society, from the most specialized to unskilled workforce.It provides 6-7 per cent of the world’s total jobs directly and millions more indirectly through the multiplier effect, as per the UN’s World Tourism Organization. Since tourism does not fall under a single heading in India’s National Accounts Statistics, its contribution has to be estimated. Its contribution to GDP and employment in 2007-08 was 5. 92 per cent respectively as per Tourist Satellite Account Data. FTAs in India during 2010 were 5. 78 million compared to 5. 17 million during 2009, posting a growth of 11. 8 per cent, much higher than the growth of 6. per cent for the world in 2010. FEEs from tourism in rupee terms during 2010 were Rs. 64,889 crore compared to Rs. 54,960 crore during 2009 with a growth rate of 18. 1 per cent. Despite the slowdown and recessionary trends in the econom ies of Europe and America, FTAs during 2011 were 6. 29 million with a growth of 8. 9 per cent over 2010 and FEEs in 2011 were Rs. 77,591 crore with a growth of 19. 6 per cent. In the case of outbound tourism, the number of Indian nationals’ departures from India during 2010 was 12. 99 million with a growth of 17. per cent for the year. Domestic tourism has also emerged as an important contributor to the sector providing much needed resilience. Domestic tourist visits during 2010 are estimated at 740. 2 million, with a growth of 10. 7 per cent. However, Indian tourism industry is not only a growth engine, but also an export growth engine and employment generator. According to the Economic Survey 2011-12 the sector has capacity to create large-scale employment, both direct and indirect, for diverse sections of society, from the most specialized to unskilled workforce.It provides 6-7 per cent of the world’s total jobs directly and millions more indirectly through the mult iplier effect as per the UN’s World Tourism Organization. Its contribution to the GDP and employment in 2007-08 was 5. 92 per cent, respectively as per the Tourist Satellite Account Data. In India, the tourism sector has witnessed significant growth in recent years. During 2006 to 2011, the CAGRs of foreign tourist arrivals and foreign exchange Objectives of the study: 1)To study the emerging challenges and opportunities in the context of globalization. )To examine the trends of foreign exchange earnings growth of foreign tourists arrivals in Indian tourism. 3)To analyze the share of Indian tourism industry when compare to the rest of the world and the Asian and Pacific region. 4)To suggest the policy implications to develop the Indian Tourism Industry. Methodology: The study mainly based on a range of secondary data from various government sources such as ministry of tourism Government of India and other relevant websites etc. For analyzing secondary data simple statistical tools like percentages and averages have been used to interpret the data.A part from these tables, charts, graphs, pictures have been chosen at relevant places to easily understand the data. Observations India has significant potential for becoming a major global tourist destination. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) based on Tourism Satellite According Research (TSAR) in 160 countries has predicted that India has the potential to become the number one tourist destination in the world with the demand growing at not less than 10 percent for annum.The World Tourism Organization has also pointed out that India as the most favored destination among the countries of South Asia receiving more than 50 percent of the total foreign tourist traffic in the area. However India’s share in International tourist arrivals is 0. 59 percent. (Share of India in International receipts is 1. 54%) while its share in the country’s GDP is 12 percent. It has given employ ment to 10. 2 million people directly.Therefore the tourism is undoubtedly has emerged as an instrument of rural employment generation, as a labor- intensive activity in a labor surplus economy, with its forward and backward linkages with a host sectors like transport, hospitality education, health, banking etc,. The interested spending by tourists has generated substantial income earnings both public and private sectors. Therefore the income flow has a multiplier effect on the macro economy. However World Travel and Tourism Council pointed that India is one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world and expected to grow by a further 6. annually and should create 13,127,000 employment opportunities by 2020. But post globalization and under GATS many changes and challenges are confronted. The table -1 depicts that the foreign exchange earnings through tourists. In terms of rupees tourism receipts have grown from rs. 7. 7 crore in 1951 to 12,150 crore in 1998, to rupees 15 ,626 crore in 2000 to 27,944 in 2004 and US million $ 16564 in 2011. Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) from Tourism in Indian Rupee terms and US $ terms FEE from tourism in Rupee terms during 2010 were Rs. 64889 crore as compared to Rs. 54960 crore during 2009 and Rs. 1294 crore during 2008. The growth rate in FEE in Rupees terms during 2010 was 18. 1% as compared to the growth rate of 7. 1% in 2009 over 2008. Therefore, the growth rate observed in 2010 over 2009 was substantially high FEE from tourism during 2010 were US $ 14193 million as compared to US$ 11394 million during 2009 and US $ 11832 million during 2008. The growth rate in FEE in US$ terms during 2010 was 24. 6% as compared to a decline of 3. 7% in 2009 over 2008. Therefore, in US$ terms, also growth rate observed in 2010 was positive and substantially high.Thus tourism recorded a positive and significant compound annual growth rate at 13. 82%, however in terms of US Dollar foreign exchange earnings also increased from US $ 2,889 million in 1997 to US $ 14,193 million in 2010. It is observed that there was a higher fluctuation noticed in the quantum of foreign exchange earnings in both in terms of dollars and in Indian rupee. The study also found the highest growth (Foreign Exchange Earning) rates with 43. 8 are recorded in 2003 and lowest growth rate with 7. 6 is recorded in 2001. Fig-2 gives the details of Foreign Tourists arrivals to India. FTAs in India during 2010 were 5. 8 million with a growth rate of 11. 8% as compared to the FTAs of 5. 17 million and growth rate of (-) 2. 2% during 2009. The 11. 8% growth rate in FTAs for 2010 over 2009 for India is much better than UNWTO’s projected growth rate of 5% to 6% for the world during the same period Foreign tourist arrivals to India rose from 0. 12 million in 1960 to 1. 68 million in 1991 and 3. 46 million in 2011 and6. 29 million in 2010. The study evidently speaks the truth that in terms of foreign tourist arrivals has registered a posit ive significant compound annual growth rate with 7 percent between 2000 and 2010.The study also pointed out that highest tourist arrivals growth rate registered with 26. 8 in 2004 and negative growth rate registered with -2. 2 in 2009. The reason for decrease in foreign arrivals may be due to slow down and recessionary trends in the economics of Europe and America . A top 10 source country for Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAS) in India in 2010 was placed in Table-3 It connotes the fact that the majority of the tourist arrivals are from the U. S. A registered with 0. 916 million. The data observed that out of total tourist arrivals 16. 40 percent tourist’s were from U.S. A and followed by U. K with 0. 755 million which contribute 13. 52 percent. The study mainly observed that in terms of foreign tourists arrivals to in India- U. S. A occupied first place (16. 40%) and Malaysia occupied with tenth position. The table-4 reveals the share of India in international tourist arrivals in the world, Asia and the Pacific region during the period of1997-2010. It is observed that foreign tourist arrivals in India have risen from 2. 37 millions in 1997 to 6. 17 million in 2009. In terms of share and rank of India in the world rose to 0. 40 in 1997 to 0. 59 in 2009.As the rank of India when compare to the world has come down from 47th rank in 1998 to 41 rank in 2009.. The study also pointed out that compare to share and rank of India Asia and the Pacific nearly increased with 2. 67 in 1997 to 2. 86 in 2009. However the study reveals the fact that the share of India in international tourist arrivals in the world, Asia and Pacific region 1997-2011 was not increased significantly but merely increased. The table 5 gives the fact that the share of top 10 states / UTs of India in number of foreign tourist visits in 2010. The study observed that 28. percent tourists are visiting Maharastra followed by Tamilnadu which comprising 15. 7 percent and followed by Delhi with 10. 6 p ercent. Finally the study explores the fact that 28. 5 percent foreign tourist visiting Maharastra and 2. 5 percent foreign tourist visiting to Goa state. Hotels and restaurants is an important component of the tourism sector. As on 31 December 2011, there were 2,895 classified hotel having a capacity of 1, 29,606 rooms in the country. Availability of good quality and affordable hotel rooms play an important role in boosting the growth of tourism in the country.The share of the hotel and restaurant sector in overall economy increased from 1. 46 per cent in 2004-05 to 1. 53 per cent in 2008-09 and then decreased to 1. 46 per cent in 2010-11. However, if the contribution of this sector only in the service sector is considered, its share decreased from 2. 75 per cent in 2004-05 to 2. 64 per cent in 2010-11 as other service sectors grew faster than this sector. It CAGR was 8. 44 per cent during 2004-05 to 2009-10 and the growth rate in 2010-11 was 7. 7 per cent. Health tourism, the new entrant in the sector is a niche area where India has good potential.Findings The study mainly pointed out that India has significant potential for becoming a major global tourist destination. The Tourism Industry has grown significantly during the study period and registered a compound annual growth rate of 7 percent in foreign tourist arrivals in to India. The study also found that highest growth rate (foreign exchange earnings) with 43. 8 are recorded in 2003 and lowest growth rate with -7. 6 in 2001. The study also explores the fact that the highest tourist arrivals growth rate registered with 26. in 2004 and negative growth rate registered with -2. 2 in 2009. The study observed that in terms of foreign tourist arrivals to India ,U. S. A. occupied first place (16. 40 percent) and Malaysia occupied tenth position. From the share of India and the Pacific region 1997-2011 was not significantly performed but substantially increased. India achieved 5,717 of international tourism rece ipts in the world and Asia, Pacific regions, and has jumped in leaps and bounds from a ranking of 36 to 16th position in the world and from 10th position to 6th position in the Pacific region.Coming up to the other findings the share of India in international tourist arrivals is only 0. 59 percent and tourism receipts are only 1. 54 percent and ranks 16 only. The major shortcoming of the tourism is inadequate capacity (e. g. 85,481 hotel rooms as against 8, 97,206 in China) and costly travel (e. g. soaring fuel, surcharges, poor blight management etc,. ). Inadequate infrastructure and trained manpower, lapses in security and safety (e. g. Terrorist attacks and harassment of tourists) and poor organization (e. g. fragment market, poor advertising and un trained tourist guides.Moreover there is need of well equipped infrastructure and management to meet the high international standards and need of skilled management to benefiting from the opportunities thrown open by (GATS, WTO) to to urism. There is need to develop the alternative tourism like health tourism village tourism and sports tourism and it is needed to take more initiation by the involving government and private agencies for more investments to develop tourism sector. Conclusions Tourism undoubtedly has emerged as an instrument of employment generation.However to take the emerging challenges and opportunities of globalization, India needs a long term plan for this industry with periodic evaluation and revision. Therefore there is a need future vision to identify the potentials of tourism industry. Finally the success of tourism depends to a large extent on better access to infrastructure, with a consumer centric approach. Appendix Tables Table-1 FEE from Tourism in India (in Rs. Crore) (1997-2011) YearFEE from Tourism inPercentage (%) change over the previous years India (in US$ MILLONS) 199728892. 0 199829482. 0 199930092. 1 2000346015. 20013198-7. 6 20023103-3. 0 2003446343. 8 2004617038. 2 200574932 1. 4 2006863415. 2 20071072924. 3 20081183210. 3 200911136-5. 9 2010 #1419327. 5 2011 #1656416. 7 2012(#Jan – June) 84558. 2 # Advance Estimates, @ Growth rate over Jan-June 2011 Source: i) Reserve Bank of India, for 1997 to 2008 2)MTM1997-2011 figure-1 FEE from Tourism in India (in Rs. Crore) (1997-2012) TABLE 2 Foreing Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India, 1997-2012 YearFTAs in India (in Million)Percentae (%) change over the previous year 19972. 373. 8 19982. 36-0. 7 19992. 485. 2 20002. 656. 7 20012. 4-4. 2 20022. 38-6 20032. 7314. 3 20043. 4626. 8 20053. 9213. 3 20064. 4513. 5 20075. 0814. 3 20085. 284 20095. 17-2. 2 20105. 788. 1 2011 (P)6. 298. 9 2012(jan-Jun)3. 247. 4 (P) Provisional, @ Growth rate ove Jan-June, 2011 Source: (i) Bureau of Immigration, Govt of India, for 1997-2009 (ii) Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, for 2010 & 2012 TABLE 3 Foreing Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in India, 1997-2011 S. NoSource CountryFTAs (in Million) (P)Percentge (%) Share 1USA0. 91616. 4 2U K0. 75513. 52 3Bangladesh0. 3816. 82 4Canada0. 2404. 3 5Germany0. 2244. 01 6Sri Lanka0. 2193. 2 7France0. 2183. 9 8Japan0. 1652. 95 9Australia0. 1642. 94 10Malaysia0. 1602. 87 Total of top 10 countries3. 44261. 64 Others2. 14238. 36 All countries5. 584100. 00 (P) Provisional, @ Growth rate ove Jan-June, 2010 Source: (i) Bureau of Immigration, Govt of India, for 1997-2009 (ii) Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, for 2010 & 2011 Table-4 Share of India in International Tourist Arrivals in World, and Aisa & the Pacific Region, 1997-2010 YearInternational Tourist Arrivals (in million)FTAs in India (in million)Percentge (%) shre and rank of India in worldPercentage (%) hare and rank of India in Asia and the Pacific WorldAsia and the Pacific%ShareRank%ShareRank 1997593. 089. 02. 370. 40-2. 67- 1998611. 088. 32. 360. 3947th2. 67- 1999633. 097. 62. 480. 3946th2. 54- 2000683. 3109. 32. 650. 3950th2. 4211th 2001683. 4114. 52. 540. 3751st2. 2212th 2002703. 2123. 42. 380. 3454th1. 9312th 200369 1. 0111. 92. 730. 3951st2. 4411th 2004762. 0143. 43. 460. 4544th2. 4111th 2005803. 4154. 63. 920. 4943rd2. 5311th 2006846. 0166. 04. 450. 5344th2. 6811th 2007894. 0182. 05. 080. 5741st2. 7911th 2008917. 0184. 15. 280. 5841st2. 8711th 2009882. 0180. 95. 170. 5941st2. 611th 2010(P)940. 0203. 85. 580. 5940th2. 7411th P: Provisional Source: i) UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 edition, for the years upto 2005 ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2010 for 2006 and January 2011 for 2007 and UNTO TABLE 5 Share of Top 10 States/Uts of India in Number of Foreign Tourist Visits in 2010 RankState/UTForeign Tourist Visits in 2010 (P) NuberPercentae share (%) 1Maharashtra508312628. 5 2Tamil Nadu280468715. 7 3Delhi189365010. 6 4Uttar Pradesh16751239. 4 5Rajasthan12785237. 2 6West Bengal11921876. 7 7Kerala6592653. 7 8Bihar6357223. 6 9Himachal Pradesh4536162. 5 10Goa4410532. 5Total of top 10 countries1611695290. 3 Others17358259. 7 Total 17852777100. 00 P: P Source: State/UT Tourism Departments Note: i) Figures for Chhattisgarh has been estimated ii) For some states data adjusted using the information available with Ministry of Tourism References 1 Reserve Bank of India, for 1997 to 2008 2 MTM1997-2011 3 Bureau of Immigration, Govt of India, for 1997-2009 4 Bound, John and Timothy Waidmann, (2000), Accounting for Recent Declines in Employment Rates among the Working – Aged Disabled, NBER Working Papers 5 Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, for 2010 & 2011 UNWTO Tourism Market Trends 2007 edition, for the years upto 2005 7 UNWTO Barometer June 2010 for 2006 and January 2011 for 2007 and UNTO 8 Driedger, D, (1987), Disabled People and International Air Travel, Journal of Leisurability, 14, pp. 13–19. 9 Miller, G. A. , & Kirk, E, (2002), The Disability Discrimination Act: Time for the stick? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(1), pp. 82–88. 10 McKercher, B. , T. Packer, M. Yau, and P. Lam, (2003), Travel Agents: Facilitators or Inhibitors of Travel for People with Disab ilities, Tourism Management, 24, pp. 465–74. 11. Economoc survey 2011-12

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Management - Essay Example Surely, large companies have never been the greatest evil of the society. Nevertheless, their influence over people’s behavior (buying habits), government regulations and even environment has risen drastically in the latest decades due to the expansion of globalization processes. For that reason the level of social responsibility each company overtakes in the contemporary business environment is now greatly influencing both the society and the company’s success. The given paper will present Alcoa, a manufacturer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combine (Alcoa Inc. 2011), as an example of a company that tries to ensure that it is not only a good manufacturer of its products, but also a positive and contributing member of the world society. The goal of this paper is to outline the company’s achievements with regards to fulfilling social needs within society, as well as defining areas that need improvement. We will also analyse how Alcoa’ s social activities impact the society and stakeholders. Alcoa Inc. Today Alcoa is an international organization with its main headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and 31 headquarters all over the world. The history of the company started in 1886, when Charles Martin Hall, a student at that time, started working of developing a commercially aluminum extracting process (The spark of innovation (1886-1920) 2011). In the search for investment for the research Charles made contacts with several entrepreneurs who helped him with the money and, finally, created a company named The Pittsburg Reduction Company. in 1907 the name was changed to Aluminum Company of America. It was only 1999 when the firm was renamed to Alcoa. These days Alcoa operates internationally and participates in all the major aspects of the business: developing technology, performing mining, refining, smelting, fabricating, and recycling of aluminum. The major business practices of the organization are Make to Use, Eliminate Waste, People Linchpin the System and ABS and Cost Savings. The Make to Use concept involves avoiding overproduction while manufacturing with the account of customers. Alcoa tends to create good working environments for its employees and is continuously working of improving its business processes for the purpose of increased savings at all the stages of operation (Inside the Alcoa Business System (ABS) 2011). The vision statement of Alcoa claims that the company works in a safe manner in order to protect and promote â€Å"the health and well-being of the individual and the environment† (Vision & Values 2011). Identifying Stakeholders Business can be conducted in different ways. So the question here is how much the organization influences various stakeholders of its. If the company in some way enriches the lives of the stakeholders, then the company can claim that it is socially responsible (Freeman, Velamuri and Moriarty 2006). At the same time, it cannot be said t hat the only stakeholders here are the direct consumers and shareholders of the company. As Marc Triebwasser (1998) points out, free market and competition are just the games that global elite and large companies play. Being large and powerful, they have plenty of tools for keeping and maintaining their current status. Among such tools are government campaign contributions, lobbying, and captured regulatory agencies (Triebwasser, 1998). Furthermore, a

Commercial law case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commercial law - Case Study Example If the defendant fails to come up to the customary, this will be a violation of the duty of care as judged by reference to the following factors: What did the defendant know? This is to say that, the defendant will only be legally responsible if the reasonable person would have foreseen the loss or damage in the circumstances prevailing at the time of the alleged breach of duty. Secondly, the degree of jeopardy of the situation. The bigger the risk that severe harm can be brought by, the greater the safety measures that the defendant will be required to take (Jance, 1999). This is to say the when the risk involve is of little magnitude, the plaintiff is required to take his or her own precautions and any claim of breaching of duty that will be presented by the plaintiff will be overlooked. However, when the risk is of greater magnitude, the defendant will be liable. Thirdly, is the communal significance of the defendants doings. If the defendants actions give out a socially useful function then they may have been justified in taking greater risks. Lastly, a defendant complying with a general practice in his area of activity w ill usually be well thought-out to have met the standard of a reasonable man, except the court judges the practice itself to be negligent (Bradgate & Savage, 1991). In order for John to establish a breach of duty by the Willow Council, carried out himself as a responsible and reasonable person. However, John, who had drunk too much champagne, was conducting his activities in an open space where everyone could see him. He got out of a car and dared his to friends, Mason and Janice, to climb over a two meter fence, that prevented people from going beyond it, and walk to the edge of the cliff. His friends refuse but John climbs over the fence and walk to the edge of the cliff. He loses balance, fall off and breaks his leg. A court analyzing these particulars will apply the

Law To Eliminate Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Critical analysis of PSED (key person role-adult child relationship)in Essay

Critical analysis of PSED (key person role-adult child relationship)in an educational setting(UK), drawing on your observations and published research.(we have to create name and title)see my attachments - Essay Example the socio-economic characteristics and other cultural aspects affecting the personal, social and emotional development of children in their early years. The theory and practice will be linked based on the observations made. The importance of a key worker is the nursery setting will also be revealed. Eventually the integration of PSED into the early years of children as well as the role of the key workers will be explained and further expounded on. PSED plays an important role in the education system and as such should be applied in the early years. PSED is important for enhancing a caring community where students and their educators can interact respectably and further educating children about emotional literacy. This form of development is also crucial for facilitating social understanding and encouraging responsibility in students both in their education and their social interactions (Broadhead 2010, pg. 19). PSED also enables individuals to empathize with others and thus encouraging perspective-taking which is important in learning major life skills such as critical thinking and creative thinking. The early years are crucial for children in relation to their personal, social and emotional development. Based on research carried out recently, it is evident that the development of children in their early years personally, socially and emotionally plays a major role in influencing academic preparedness particularly in the early years of development. It has also been noted that the socio-emotional competence of children has an impact on their educational success. The socio-emotional knowledge influences the child’s success in their early years by improving their academic performance both in their early life and their lifelong learning. Making children aware of their emotions and training them on their planning skills ensures that the children have lower risks of being aggressive or having any anxiety disorders. Different educational centres have varying PSED

Comparing selections of Saint Augustines Confessions and Confuciuss Essay

Comparing selections of Saint Augustines Confessions and Confuciuss Analects - Essay Example al unit and Confucius has much to say in connection to the treatment of the family, and the relationship of one to another and also to the members of the household. Thus, it is evident that very few men can love and at the same time know the negative side of the one they love (Confucius et al 3). To omit respect is equal omitting affection. In addition, without love, union cannot coexist; ‘without respect then love would be ignored (Bk. xxiv, 9.). In short, the paradox of laxity indulgence is presented as the course of a man who is better in respect to his family. Confucius believed that a good relationship in the family was important in reforming the society and thus at the long run the government is reformed. One disciple of Confucius said; "few people are filial and dutiful toward parents and their elder brothers. In many instances, they oppose their superiors thus creating a civil order. A good man is concerned with the cause and when the root is firm, the way grows. Fraternal duty and filial piety are surely the root of humaneness (Confucius et al 4). Augustine during his youthful age, he was living with his parents. He further explains how his parents dealt with him since they wanted him to become famous. As a result, his life was sinful from point in time he was of tender age and became restless with unclean thoughts. At this age, he presents the ills of the society that made him develop idleness. He was convicted that if people can perform the roles in the family in a proper way, then they would be able to discharge their roles in the society (4:20, Analects). Confucius said that a filial piety involved respect for, obedience, and loyalty to ones parents. A filial man would not go against the will of the father especially in terms of behavioral characteristics and occupation even when the father is long gone. You observe the intention of a man when his father is still alive and observe his action when the father is dead. Both observations are

General Education Curriculum Access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Education Curriculum Access - Essay Example In the 2004 â€Å"reauthorization, another provision was added to take the monitoring process further† (p. 234) Districts with an overrepresentation of minority group members in special education must set aside 15 percent of their federal aid for students, particularly those in grades K-3, who need â€Å"additional academic and behavioral support to succeed in a general education environment,† according to the law (Andy and Beaker, 2001). The 2004 reauthorization also required states to allow districts to use a strategy called â€Å"response to intervention,† as a tool for determining if a child has a specific learning disability. Response to intervention, or RTI, involves early identification of students’ learning problems and the use of increasingly intensive lessons, or interventions, to address those problems before they become entrenched. The process has been credited as a factor in reducing the overall rate of students diagnosed with specific learnin g disabilities, which has been on a  steady decline  since 2005, Aruba (2001). ... Although parents often play an important role in securing special education services for their children, much of the responsibility of helping students with disabilities succeed in the classroom falls to teachers, Camacho and Perez-Quiroz (2002). No Child Left Behind and IDEA require special education teachers to be â€Å"highly qualified† in special education as well as in the subjects they teach. General educators, who typically have more experience teaching a specific subject area, must be able to work effectively with students with special needs, but they are not required to be highly qualified to teach students with disabilities† (Camacho and Perez-Quiroz, 2002). An experienced special education teacher typically has helped support the learning of hundreds of children with disabilities or other special needs. In order to be qualified for this work, she has had to undergo a rigorous certification process, which graduate generally includes course work at the undergrad uate and/or level in special education, depending upon the specific licensure requirements in her state (Andy and Beaker, 2001). Susan is a first grader with a wonderful imagination who loves listening to stories and quickly incorporates new words into her spoken vocabulary. Yet, while most of her classmates have begun to read fluently, she continues laboring over each word and her comprehension remains low. Susan is not a real student, but a composite of many students familiar to virtually every experienced teacher: the ones who appear bright and engaged but inexplicably founder when trying to learn some essential part of the curriculum. Determining whether a student like Susan has a specific learning

How does Oedipus Rex Exhibits Weakness of Character Essay

How does Oedipus Rex Exhibits Weakness of Character - Essay Example The play observed in the research begins with a plague in Thebes, the land of Oedipus. In response, he sent Creon, his brother-in-law to the oracle at the worshiping place for Apollo. Creon returned bearing the news that once the murderer of the former King Lauis had been banished, the plague will end. Then, the blind prophet named Teiresias was pursued by Oedipus for interrogation, but the prophet denied him of any answers. Oedipus threatened the blind prophet until he got the answer. Oedipus became furious when he was accused as the murderer of his father and marrying his mother that will lead to a blind life. When Oedipus went back to the palace, he saw Creon and charged him with treason. Luckily, Jocasta and the Chorus begged Oedipus for mercy. Creon was able to escape. Then, Jocasta comforted Oedipus as she guaranteed him that oracles do not work as she experienced the lies of the prophecy. According to her story, she and Laius gave their son to a shepherd to kill him using a pi n and prevent the prophecy of having their son committing the murder over his father. What really happened was the murder happened where three roads meet and five robbers were responsible for the crime that killed Laius. The story matched the memory of Oedipus so he called for the witness. Jocasta was surprised as Oedipus shared his story when he learned that he was not the son of the father he knew and he had killed a man at the crossing of three roads due to insult from his victim. (Sophocles 55). Afterwards, Polybus, the known father of Oedipus was reported to be dead. They rejoiced for a little bit as Jocasta had taken it as a proof to support her claims that oracles are worthless. The prophecy will not come true according to a messenger as Merope was not the real mother of Oedipus and he would not visit Corinth (Sophocles 95). The messenger started to reveal what he knew though the servant was the one who knew the whole truth regarding the baby who grew up to be Oedipus (Sophoc les 99). With that, Jocasta came to understand the whole truth and tried to stop Oedipus from knowing it. He did not stop from knowing the truth and got the answers from the old shepherd. He went back to the palace and saw Jocasta in a chamber hanging (Sophocles 77). In response, he took her brooch and blinded himself and set for an eternal exile. Before leaving the city, he left his children under the care of Creon while the Chorus lamented for the tragic fate that came upon their King. Oedipus had shown his strength and highness as he had shown from the start of the play. He was able to save Thebes from the sphinx and its curse by solving the riddles. Oedipus was depicted as strong and intelligent that made him a king quickly. He was also known for being wise as he can make good decisions that earned the trust of the people of Thebes (Ramphos 5). Slowly, the image projected by Oedipus changed as his fate came to his senses. He did not expect that a tragedy would approach him as he was all high and mighty being the king of Thebes. He was viewed as a savior and a hero who happened to free the people from curse. His downturn as a character was shown with his hasty decisions and actions when he got the first answer regarding the solution to the plague. It showed his swiftness in action, but that time depicted his weakness as he accused Creon of paying the blind prophet Teiresias for condemning Oedipus as the source of the plague. It seemed

Crisis Communications and Segmented Audiences Assignment

Crisis Communications and Segmented Audiences - Assignment Example Fear and anxiety leads to miscommunication. Often it is the fear of the unknown and inability to access a source which can come in the way of effective communication. Missing information or the inability to get information needed puts one in a difficult position. The situation in a mishap is tense and requires gentle albeit firm handling. Once the ambulance and police are notified, one can wait to meet relatives or friends. In the absence of either, one can leave his/her name and contact number with the police if need arises in the near future. A cable car detached from wire over the French Alps today that resulted in the death of twenty people. The number of injured is being ascertained. Nobody knows the exact cause of the mishap. However, the police say excessive occupants in the car as the possible cause. The police rely on the number of deaths for their surmise. The event has shaken the administration and the police are making enquiries. It is too early to pinpoint the cause. The loss of lives will keep the administration on their toes for a long time to come. It is a spectacular site leading many to come to the area for a look. No one seriously imagined it could cause a mishap of this magnitude. The attachment of the car with the cable is robust and the only way for detachment may be faulty workmanship or poor maintenance. People were cautioned against overcrowding in the car. ... The Rescue Workers: A cable car detached from wire over the French Alps today. The region is treacherous. Wear the right gear and carry all your equipments. Work in close coordination. Relatives and friends: A cable car detached from wire over the French Alps today. The ambulance and the police have been informed. We do not know the casualties. The rescue workers are at site. The City Fathers: A cable car detached from wire over the French Alps today. We do not know the casualties. The rescue workers are at site. The Press: A cable car detached from wire over the French Alps today. We do not know the casualties. The police and the ambulance have been informed. The rescue workers are at site. Press Release A cable car detached from wire over the French Alps today that resulted in the death of twenty people. The number of injured is being ascertained. Nobody knows the exact cause of the mishap. However, the police say excessive occupants in the car as the possible cause. The police rely on the number of deaths for their surmise. The event has shaken the administration and the police are making enquiries. It is too early to pinpoint the cause. The loss of lives will keep the administration on their toes for a long time to come. It is a spectacular site leading many to come to the area for a look. No one seriously imagined it could cause a mishap of this magnitude. The attachment of the car with the cable is robust and the only way for detachment may be faulty workmanship or poor maintenance. People were cautioned against overcrowding in the car. However, since the number of those left behind was not large they were allowed to board in. There was also a woman with a dog and they were allowed to get inside. Their fate is unknown. There is heavy

Ohms Law Series-Parallel Circuits Calculation Essay Example for Free

Ohms Law Series-Parallel Circuits Calculation Essay To end up the discussion of Series-Parallel Circuits, I would like to post this last one remaining topic which is about Ohms Law of Series-Parallel Circuits for currents and voltages. I did not even mentioned in my previous topics on how to deal with its currents and voltages regarding this type of circuit connection. Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Current The total current of the series-parallel circuits depends on the total resistance offered by the circuit when connected across the voltage source. The current flow in the entire circuit and it will divide to flow through parallel branches. In case of parallel branch, the current is inversely proportional to the resistance of the branch that is the greater current flows through the least resistance and vice-versa. Then, the current will then sum up again after flowing in different circuit branch which is the same as the current source or total current. The total circuit current is the same at each end of a series-parallel circuit, and is equal to the current flow through the voltage source. Ohms Law in Series-Parallel Circuits Voltage The voltage drop across a series-parallel circuits also occur the same way as in series and parallel circuits. In series parts of the circuit, the voltage drop depends on the individual values of the resistors. In parallel parts of the circuit, the voltage across each branch are the same and carries a current depends on the individual values of the resistors. If in case of circuit below, the voltage of the series resistance forming a branch of the parallel circuit will divide the voltage across the parallel circuit. If in case of the single resistance in a parallel branch, the voltage across is the same as the sum of the voltages of the series  resistances. The sum of the voltage across R3 and R4 is the same   as the voltage across R2. Finally, the sum of the voltage drop across each paths between the two terminal of the series-parallel circuit is the same as the total voltage applied to the circuit. Lets have a very simple example of this calculation for this topic. Considering the circuit below with its given values, lets calculate the total current, current and voltage drop across each resistances. What is the total current, current and voltage across each resistances Here is the simple calculation of the circuit above: a. Calculate first the total resistance of the circuit: The equivalent resistance for R2 and R3 is: R2-3 = 25X50/ 25+50 = 16.67 ohms R total = 30 ohms + 16.67 ohms = 46.67 ohms b. Calculate the Total Current using Ohms Law: I1 = 120V / 46.67 Ohms = 2.57 Amp. Since R1 is in series connection, the total current is the same for that path. c. Calculating the voltage drop for R1: VR1 = 2.57 Amp x 30 ohms = 77.1 volts d. Calculate the voltage drop across R2 and R3. Since the equivalent resistance for R2 and R3 as calculated above is 16.67 ohms, we can now calculate the voltage across each branch. VR2 = VR3 = 2.57 Amp x 16.67 ohms = 42. 84 volts e. Finally, we can now calculate the individual current for R2 and R3: I2 = VR2 / R2 = 42.84 volts / 25 ohms = 1.71 Amp. I3 = VR3 / R3 = 42.84 volts / 50 ohms = 0.86 Amp. You may also check if the current in each path of the parallel branch are correct by adding its currents: I1 = I2 + I3 = 1.71 Amp + 0.86 Amp = 2.57 Amp. which is the same as calculated above. Therefore, we can say that our answer is correct.

SWOT Analysis of Tesco Express

SWOT Analysis of Tesco Express The organisation which we have taken for the study is Tesco Express the sub brand of Tesco Plc. In our study we are going to identify, describe and evaluate the following management area of Tesco Plc, where we will be involving Marketing Principles to give proper management report on the basis of below strategies: The Organisation Orientation The competitive advantage of the organisation The Impact, positive and negative of the organisations Marketing Mix Management report of Tesco Express- Strength, weakness and improvements that will help to maintain competitive advantage in near future Origin of Tesco Tesco Plc the leading Britain retailer among the top three retailers in the world. They are operating 3700 stores among the world and they have employed around 470,000 employees. They are operating in 14 countries and they are UK, Republic of Ireland, India, China, Japan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malaysia, Poland, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, and USA. Tesco Plc was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and the name Tesco was first appeared in the shop in Edgware in 1929 since the company has grown they were implementing their innovation in different business. Jack Cohen founded Tesco and his first day profit was ÂÂ £1 among his ÂÂ £4 sales on selling a grocery from the stall in East London. In the year 1924 the first in-house brand of Tesco has launched and they named that product as Tesco Tea. The names come from the initial of TE Stockwell, who was a partner in the tea supplies and the CO from Jack Cohens Surname. In the year 1932 Tesco stores limited have changed to Tesco private Limited Company. Tesco the brand which have changed their way they do business so fundamentally in each and every part of its company. Because of this change they have done in to business which also includes the loyalty management. For that they have taken a different expertise among the world as the earliest and that they have that named as Clubcard. Tesco joined with DunnHumby and created a Clubcard to tracks the buying behaviour of their 13 million customers, through recording and tracking consumption data from shopping bills. Tesco and DunnHumby have jointly built, maintain and mine a rich customer database with information derived from all customer touch points. Using this customer database, Tescos marketing department is then able to manage changes in either individual or general consumption patterns and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly. Clubcard is a reflection of the attributes of the business and its commitment: a strong team ethic, a commitment to serving customers, and most of all, top-to-bottom retailers pragmatism. Tesco made customer loyalty marketing work, when every other British supermarket loyalty programme in the late 1990s failed, faltered or never got started. Every year since 1995, headlines have proclaimed the death of loyalty scheme, usually enthusiastically supported by other retailers whose loyalty schemes are distant memories. Yet Clubcard is never questioned as a strategic priority by the management. Instead, Tesco has responded to the critics by measurably building sales through Clubcard, using the relevant knowledge it creates to improve the way it runs its business. The Organisation Orientation: Definition An approach to business that centres its activities on satisfying the needs and wants of its customers. The production department when starts to manufacture the product, it focuses on the promotion, distribution, pricing etc. How Tesco implemented its Market orientation: It overall beats the competition in producing the best quality product to the end users with great customer satisfaction as mentioned below. Flexibility Plan and goal setting Managerial and interpersonal skills Flexibility Tesco Express is widely opened across the cities in UK and gives options to many consumers to shop easily. In total there are around 150 shops which is great benefit to the consumers. They have introduced online trading where customers can place an order and buy it without any hindrance. Self billing has been bought up to avoid queues, saves time and energy, people can use the self bill system and pay by themselves and also introduced Club cards in which they can measure sales and improve accordingly by collecting database. Plan and goal setting Every organisation has its own plans and works only with the setting right goals at right time. Plans are to maximise sales and profits, maintains No 1 retail store in UK. Targets competitors and remains as a market leader, provides goods/services that are cheap and affordable to public. Business plans and modules are followed to achieve respective goal. Each objective has deadlines to meet so they have to meet their set objective within the stipulated period of time. Ex- Point of sale is an important merchandising activity to remind, people to stock up, just in case, a different product in categories has been brought together under Barbecue Theme, and a sale tends to increase. With the exceptions of meat, Tesco Express has brought all its barbecue products together under one category in store in order to promote sales and profits. Managerial and interpersonal skills- Still not yet completed Marketing: Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. (C.I.M, 2001) In this cut throat competition, Tesco innovates and re-innovates the new product as per the marketing environment in comparison with its fellow competitors. Healthy competition gives the best outcome of the product like price and quality. The main aim is to maximize customers value as a source of competitive advantage. Tescos Marketing Concept Meets customer needs, wants and preferences more effectively and more closely than competitors Asda, Sainsbury WM Morrison supermarket. The basic philosophies of the organisation are production and sales, it integrates the various activities like production, selling, distribution promotion, advertisement and human resource management in a profitable way for the service of the customers. Production: Focuses on the goods where quality matters and profit is gained on the volume of sales. Quality should be maintained in all the stages of production Tesco the company which are offering more than 100 products under their own brand Tesco. Comparatively they are quality oriented and price oriented. These products are mainly targeted their customer daily needs. They are following exact market economics to market their products. Sales: Even Tesco has its own products in Tesco express also they sell products from different brands too. While comparing with other products Tesco products is more cost effective and with high quality. Tesco Express is one of emerging sub brand in the UK is offering the customer to minimise their shopping time. New innovation has been brought in the form of advanced technology for the customers to generate and pay their own receipts by them. Goals have been divided into 3 different sets- Once it sets up the plan with the right objective, the next strategy is to maximise sales with customer satisfaction. Let us take through with 3 different sets of goals. The organisation recognises the market movements of its competitors in order to maintain good mindset in peoples mind. It strives hard to satisfy customers needs, preferences and taste which is very big task. The last and foremost goal is carried out in the internal management to increase productivity with great coordination among staff members who works as a team. Let us concentrate on planning aspects with involving planning strategies as discussed below. Marketing Planning: Marketing Planning: Turning strategies into implementable action and it is a detailed written statement where each and everyone in the organisation must follow the principles and guidelines and act accordingly. Planning is decide in advance what to do and what not to do, planning plays a vital role in the supermarket division as it deals with FMCG products, in day todays business the sales increases rapidly when everything goes according to plan. Internal and External Environment Key Aspects- Position of Tesco when compared to other companies. Where are we now? Significant improvement has shown in identical market in UK Marketing Audit Market Research Environment Analysis How did we get there? They got there simply because of good performance which was solid. Where are we heading and where do we want to be? Tesco express has strived to achieve the highest standards to ensure the long-term access to quality products and maintain their position as the UKs number 1 supermarket. Tescos aim is to keep customers happy, to achieve high profit margins, to motivate workers, expand its marketing strategies, and support economic issues and to be friendly towards the environment. Tesco aims to cover every conceivable part of the consumer base with management controls. Review Procedures Management Controls How might we get there? It has good marketing mix strategies and implements successfully. By doing so it has reached heights by giving services to consumers. Tesco Express should make als Marketing Mix Which way is best? Are we on course? How can we ensure arrival? Choice criteria Screening Modelling Company Profile SWOT Once marketing planning is carried out successfully the next step is to concentrate on marketing audit. It can be analysed with the inclusion of Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats (SWOT). Once the major part is carried out successfully with all the research analysis and datas, it gives us the strategic position. The overall evaluation of a companys strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats is called as SWOT analysis. It is a way of monitoring the external and internal marketing environment. Good marketing is the art of finding, developing and profiting from these opportunities. A marketing opportunity is an area of buyer need and interest that a company has a high profitably of profitably satisfying. There are three main sources of market opportunities are. The first is to supply something that is short supply. This requires little marketing talent, as the need is obvious. The second is to supply an existing product or service in a new or superior way. The last method often leads to a very new product or service by offering lower price with good quality. To evaluate opportunities companies can use Market Opportunity Analysis (MOA) to determine their attractiveness and profitably of asking questions such as Can we focus the target markets and reach them with cost-effective method and trade markets? Can we deliver the benefits better than any actual or potential competitors? Will the financial rate of return meet or exceed our required threshold for investment? Does our company possess or have access to the critical capabilities and resources we need to deliver the customer benefits? Can we articulate the benefits convincingly to a defined target market? Based on the above Kotlers theory we will be giving out SWOT analysis data. Strengths A wider range of products including fresh and healthy food are available. Tesco express has added around 800 new product lines last year. Stores have increased by over 35% since 2000. Quality of products is sold. All classes of people can afford to buy. It has strong Market Leadership. Strong and good brand image. Weakness Range of stores is limited in Tesco Express and price is not as good as main stores. Inventory turnover is weak. Does not respond queries in time. It mainly concentrates and depends only in UK and Europe. Turnover is poor. Opportunities Planning to open retail environment in Euro zone. Tesco Express has been bought up in density area to satisfy customers requirement with ease. Opportunities in India and other international markets and also they have got private labelling schemes. Threats Intense cut throat competition High interest rates in UK. Labour wages are increasingly at a higher rate. Difficult conditions in International markets. Competitive advantage of the organisation Jack Welch, former CEO of GE says, If you dont have competitive advantage, dont compete. (Jobber 2007:773) In the face of global competition and cut throat competition, there are many competitors are growing day by day and the rule of survival for the fittest comes into picture. Companies are forced to survive by increasing the production and sales at a better rate. With todays technology changing day by day oragnisation has to put the best foot forward to stay and compete. As a result they gain enormous experience to handle different sets of consumers and their buying habits Marketing is all about to generate transactions and to generate relationships. No organisation stands alone in the market without competitors; the company cannot develop its products by developing the product range and its features but also faces the competitive environment of the market. The factors which analyses the changing economic environment in the trading community and reacts accordingly. The competitors also influences various factors such as success or failure of a business in any market conditions, this is why it is important to consider systematically a number of aspects of competitive behaviour. Competitive analysis is a systematic approaching in understanding the key factors of the planning strategy in terms of objectives, resource allocation and implementation through the marketing mix. A good understanding of these factors reveals the organisation to be in a stronger arena in building and sustaining foundations for the firm to hold its position to maintain the reputation in the longer run. Once an organisation finds with whom it is competiting and which category of the competition of the emerging market. When competitors are identified, the probability of forming them into clusters, depending on focus and strategy. The outcome of the identified clusters identifies strong and weak competitors in each group which can be considered as the strategic opportunities defined. These are the number of different characteristic that can be used for identifying strategic segments, which in turn provides a useful framework for evolving opportunities in business environment that leads to an order of implementing organisational behaviour techniques of competitors data that relies on financial performance of the segments served in marketing strategies. The arch rival of Tesco express is Costcutter The arch rival of Tesco express is Costcutter because they are the one who have similar marketing policies to overcome its rival. Tesco Express is spread all over the United Kingdom with in and around 1000 outlets but Costcutter is with 1600 outlets. Comparatively Tesco express and Costcutter got the same logic of attracting their customers to sell best quality with reasonable price . However when we analyse the competitive advantage of Tesco to overcome its fellow competitors with new innovation called Auto billing and paying system but Costcutter lacks with that facilities. opening as wel as closing times varies with Costcutter as it is opened 24 hours open and Tesco express opens from 6am in the morning and closes 10pm in the night. So all we can say is that they are the perfect competitors with having leads and falls with each other in different facts. Tesco express is using different segmentations to make the Tesco express successful among their competitors and their segmentations are geographic, usage and loyalty; On geographic segmentation they categorise their shops according to the market. They mostly were concentrating on the region where they can have the more people who are be the bread and butter consumer that means people who wants to buy one or two products at that specific period of time. Theres a brand familiarity that you dont always get from a local store and the concept is familiar through use of the superstore predecessor. On usage segmentation being an express the range are limited and choice or very little and the price is bit higher than its own Tesco extra. On the loyalty segmentation they have just rock the concept called Clubcard. They have track the customers with the card and it make them to analyse to find the exact need of customer and they serving them according to their needs. Mission Every business has its goals/objectives and works on directions set by the management. No firms can succeed without objectives and tagline of Tesco is, Every little Helps. This tagline has created a realistic statement which is motivating and creates intent in the organisation. The realistic purpose is to provide focus and direction through the conduct of the business. Specific Measurable Accurate Realistic Time bound (SMART). SMART comes into picture once SWOT analysis is completed. Strategy> Behaviour standards Tescos Marketing Objectives The main aim is to retain customer satisfaction and maintain number 1 Retail Company in the UK. To maximise sales and profit To provide reasonable price to the consumers. Marketing Environment Marketing environment and its influences. It has been divided into 2 different categories based on 4ps. Micro Environment Macro Environment Micro Environment has been divided into 4 divisions namely Suppliers Distributors Competitors Customers Macro Environment has been divided into 5 divisions namely A) Socio Cultural Environment Factors affecting demographic structure of the population, lifestyles, attitudes, cultures, issues of public and private concerns, tastes and demands. B) Technological Environment Creates new product opportunities and improve production. C) Economic Environment It determines demand and supply chain. D) Political and legal Environment Rules, laws and regulations are operated as per the Government bodies. Ex: Smoking in public places E) Ecological Environment -Factors such as global warming, pollution, recycling, packaging etc. Macro environment with Tescos principles Socio Cultural Environment Brassington and Pettitt has given definition regarding Demographic, where he briefly explains that it is the study of the measurable aspects of population structures and profiles including factors such as age , size, gender, race, occupation and location. Tesco express has widely opened across and also outside UK to satisfy customer needs and preferences. Where in it represents strengths and weakness. There are wide range of products to satisfy all ages and all classes of people. It broadens tastes and demands according to peoples lifestyle and their expectations. If it does not satisfys then customers can lose interest and faith. Technological Environment- When an organisation uses more and more different techniques then flexibility comes into picture. Tesco express operates paperless transactions. It brings out new innovation strategies to market the product as per the existing environment. The recent one which it has introduced new way of billing system call, Till , where customers can pick, pack and invoice themselves.. This new system has given new dimensions to the customers to save an extra time. Market research is carried out on a regular basis where an organisation collects information with the respect to the customer focus Economic Environment- In this Economic environment 2 key words which handles the whole market is demand and supply. When there is a demand in the market supply increases automatically, this will have a huge impact in the business environment. They concentrate on the factors affecting economic business and monitor them in order to overcome. Political and legal Environment- Each and every organisation concentrates on the government laws, rules and regulations. Tesco Express follows strict rules and regulations and gives out warning signals to the customers. It also gives smoking free environment. Ex- Smoking is prohibited Ecological Environment- It aims to set up a greenery environment in the form of waste, packaging, recycling, and also cutting carrier bag use. It converts waste into an energy source and reduces the amount of waste going to landfill by over a third and works on waste targets scheme which are reviewed and reported every week. We have taken examples of 2 like packaging and recycling. If we take packaging with the product name called Eggs. Packaging helps to protect and preserve food for longer duration and promotes the product to reach the customers in the best condition. Recycling facilities are available in all our markets except China and Turkey. Tescos future plans are to implement recycling facilities even in respective countries as mentioned to have a global impact in the marketing environment. In UK we have 600 recycling centres of our larger stores. Last year we helped customers to recycle approximately 200,000 tonnes. Market Segmentation The identification of groups of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy. (Jobber 2004) Segments can be defined on the basis of Tesco principles. ? Customer Satisfaction- customers can be pleased all the time because all the products are available under one proof so chances of pleasing them will be on higher note. They dont target individuals indeed they target on the whole. Customers have variety of products to choose and satisfy their preferences. Ex- Products are sold to all age groups with reasonable price and with most importantly good quality Methods of Segmentation Geographic It targets customers as per the location, country and also takes into consideration whether it is Rural and Urban. Before it opens any new branches, it undergoes market survey based on the customers potential within the respective location. It also makes sure that for which county products are produced, plans for the available resources so that can be used up to the fuller extent, different sets of people has different taste and preferences according to their lifestyle. Ex China and UK. In China people have different lifestyle as compared to UK. Demographic Once it does sets up the business by creating a layout of the geographic successfully, now the next part is to introduce product based on the marketing analysis which includes people age, sex, race, income, occupation, socio-economic status. It collects complete database and then goes forward. Surveys are conducted at regular intervals with the interest of not losing customers focus and interest. This reduces the negative impact on the organisation. Geo-Demographic Geo- Demographic is nothing but the combination of geographic and demographic. Organisation works on the purchasing behaviours of the people. Once it gathers the available date by doing research in first and second stage and then works as per the prescribed plan. Postcode systems can assist agencies in the new business development, customer profile and identification. Psychographic Tesco divides the market on the basis of life style and personality of the consumers. It targets people of all ages with their requirements. From grocery, eatables to liquor. Types of Target Marketing Need to include on the basis of Tescos target marketing with the inclusion of 4 ps. Undifferentiated and differentiated marketing. Let us talk about the Positioning of Tesco. In earlier days Tesco did not have the brand name but when sales started picking up and demand was on higher side, it did not compromise quality in order to reduce price and it is very convenient to the customers to purchase products as quality of products are available. Once customers got an idea how good Tesco is then Tesco gained its brand name. With the brand name Tesco started to experiment the products with greater profits and then it is managing the customers with great customer loyalty. Philosophy of entire marketing mix hinges with good positioning and failed to do so creates unsound positioning. Positioning Strategies Reasonable price Good quality More and variety of Products Clearance sales Weekend offers and Festive offers Keys to successful positioning are based on competitiveness, successful positioning, creditability and consistency. Repositioning of product Takes place when positioning of products declines. Change in customer tastes and preferences. New competitors enters the market Marketing Mix An Effective marketing mix Tesco compromises on price and does not compromises on quality More demand and more supply. Customers loyalty Refer http://www.cim.co.uk/filestore/resources/10minguides/marketingmix.pdf The Impact, positive and negative of the Tesco Express marketing mix Marketing mix is divided into 7ps but let us concentrate on 4 ps which as follows. Promotion Place Price Product. We will critically discus 4 ps in the following stages. Promotion Promotion is generally referred as awareness created towards the introduction of new product and also the availability of the existing product by means of selling activities and advertising. The main aim of promotion is to spread awareness of the products, uses and benefits. It helps the organisation to position their products in the market to reach customers. The effective tool of promotion of Tesco Express is in the form of television and email adverts, message should be clear and simple so that it can reach the targeted audience by creating a desired response. There are different types of promotions such as advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotions. Promotional strategy- One of the Tescos key strategies in the promotional activity is, Clubcard loyalty scheme where it has been a huge success and in turn their market share has been increased. This change has led them to be a market leader. They were giving best and competitive prices to the market, products like fresh vegetables, fish, chicken , mutton, beef and all sorts of necessary day to day needs which were outsourced from the farmers , fish, mongers , butchers directly. They have opened number of convenience stores in every possible place and therefore have a good appeal to a huge number of customers in the market environment. Therefore had a very huge response when they had introduced the club card plus debit card scheme. They not only target higher classes of people but also different classes of people. Introduction of Tesco finest and also budgeted version called Tesco value which is having very huge impact in all the classes of the people. Now it shows how they promote their market to reach different classes of people. Advertising- It can be defined as any paid form of non-personal promotion transmitted through a mass medium. The sponsor should be clearly identified and the advertisement may relate to an organisation, a product or a service. The key difference, therefore, between advertising and other forms of promotion is that it is impersonal and communicates with large numbers of people through paid media channels. (Ref 1) Each and every organisation will advertise for the products produced, Tesco has always gives ads saying that they sell cheapest product in the whole of UK and it is one of the cheapest selling supermarket, where they claim that the price of the products is at least a penny less than their competiting firm in the advertisement featuring Prunella scales and Jane Horrocks comparing bills between Tesco and other stores. Stringent rules has to be followed when it is giving comparative advertising as per UK governments rule and abides the body for advertising standards, the Committee of Advertising Practice as listed in the rules and regulations act. They also have different advertisement taglines called, Every little helps, We sell for less, 1 billion pounds off, is youre nearest the dearest, Low prices every day because we sell 10000 everyday. There have been many advertisement campaigns stating that their products are cheaper to their direct competitors. Personal selling and sales force- According to fill (2002, p. 16), personal selling can be defined as: An interpersonal communication tool which involves face to face activities under taken by individuals, often representing an organisation, in order to inform, persuade or remind an individual or group to take appropriate action, as required by the sponsors representative. (Ref 2) Tesco has been occupied in all the field of business with a brooder marketing strategy; as far as personal selling is concerned they do not need, since they vastly deal with day today products. The only personal selling that they follow is online shopping which is not related to this category of marketing. Sales Promotion- According to the institute of sales promotion, sales promotion is: According to the institute of sales promotion, sales promotion is: The store offers a wide range of promotional offers in various times, if they open a store they would give away vouchers having a 2 pound discount on every six pounds spent for every passerby, club card members, computer tokens for schools. Below are the examples of New Year sales promotion. Examples of the New Year promotions offers include: Danepak Maple Cure Back Bacon 220g, was ÂÂ £3.00, now ÂÂ £1.50 Extra Large Pineapple, was ÂÂ £3.00, now ÂÂ £1.50 Baking Potatoes 2.5kg, was ÂÂ £1.92, now ÂÂ £1 Dolmio Original Bolognese Pasta Sauce 750g, was ÂÂ £2.12, now ÂÂ £1.06 Princes Tuna Chunks In Brine 4X185g, was ÂÂ £5.39, now ÂÂ £2.69 Maryland Choc Chip Hazelnut Cookies 150g, was 86p, now 43p. Kelloggs Special K Oats and Honey 425g, was ÂÂ £2.87, now ÂÂ £1.40 New Covent Garden Plum Tomato Sweet Basil Soup 600g, was ÂÂ £1.97, now 98 SWOT Analysis of Tesco Express SWOT Analysis of Tesco Express The organisation which we have taken for the study is Tesco Express the sub brand of Tesco Plc. In our study we are going to identify, describe and evaluate the following management area of Tesco Plc, where we will be involving Marketing Principles to give proper management report on the basis of below strategies: The Organisation Orientation The competitive advantage of the organisation The Impact, positive and negative of the organisations Marketing Mix Management report of Tesco Express- Strength, weakness and improvements that will help to maintain competitive advantage in near future Origin of Tesco Tesco Plc the leading Britain retailer among the top three retailers in the world. They are operating 3700 stores among the world and they have employed around 470,000 employees. They are operating in 14 countries and they are UK, Republic of Ireland, India, China, Japan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malaysia, Poland, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, and USA. Tesco Plc was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and the name Tesco was first appeared in the shop in Edgware in 1929 since the company has grown they were implementing their innovation in different business. Jack Cohen founded Tesco and his first day profit was ÂÂ £1 among his ÂÂ £4 sales on selling a grocery from the stall in East London. In the year 1924 the first in-house brand of Tesco has launched and they named that product as Tesco Tea. The names come from the initial of TE Stockwell, who was a partner in the tea supplies and the CO from Jack Cohens Surname. In the year 1932 Tesco stores limited have changed to Tesco private Limited Company. Tesco the brand which have changed their way they do business so fundamentally in each and every part of its company. Because of this change they have done in to business which also includes the loyalty management. For that they have taken a different expertise among the world as the earliest and that they have that named as Clubcard. Tesco joined with DunnHumby and created a Clubcard to tracks the buying behaviour of their 13 million customers, through recording and tracking consumption data from shopping bills. Tesco and DunnHumby have jointly built, maintain and mine a rich customer database with information derived from all customer touch points. Using this customer database, Tescos marketing department is then able to manage changes in either individual or general consumption patterns and adapt their marketing strategies accordingly. Clubcard is a reflection of the attributes of the business and its commitment: a strong team ethic, a commitment to serving customers, and most of all, top-to-bottom retailers pragmatism. Tesco made customer loyalty marketing work, when every other British supermarket loyalty programme in the late 1990s failed, faltered or never got started. Every year since 1995, headlines have proclaimed the death of loyalty scheme, usually enthusiastically supported by other retailers whose loyalty schemes are distant memories. Yet Clubcard is never questioned as a strategic priority by the management. Instead, Tesco has responded to the critics by measurably building sales through Clubcard, using the relevant knowledge it creates to improve the way it runs its business. The Organisation Orientation: Definition An approach to business that centres its activities on satisfying the needs and wants of its customers. The production department when starts to manufacture the product, it focuses on the promotion, distribution, pricing etc. How Tesco implemented its Market orientation: It overall beats the competition in producing the best quality product to the end users with great customer satisfaction as mentioned below. Flexibility Plan and goal setting Managerial and interpersonal skills Flexibility Tesco Express is widely opened across the cities in UK and gives options to many consumers to shop easily. In total there are around 150 shops which is great benefit to the consumers. They have introduced online trading where customers can place an order and buy it without any hindrance. Self billing has been bought up to avoid queues, saves time and energy, people can use the self bill system and pay by themselves and also introduced Club cards in which they can measure sales and improve accordingly by collecting database. Plan and goal setting Every organisation has its own plans and works only with the setting right goals at right time. Plans are to maximise sales and profits, maintains No 1 retail store in UK. Targets competitors and remains as a market leader, provides goods/services that are cheap and affordable to public. Business plans and modules are followed to achieve respective goal. Each objective has deadlines to meet so they have to meet their set objective within the stipulated period of time. Ex- Point of sale is an important merchandising activity to remind, people to stock up, just in case, a different product in categories has been brought together under Barbecue Theme, and a sale tends to increase. With the exceptions of meat, Tesco Express has brought all its barbecue products together under one category in store in order to promote sales and profits. Managerial and interpersonal skills- Still not yet completed Marketing: Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. (C.I.M, 2001) In this cut throat competition, Tesco innovates and re-innovates the new product as per the marketing environment in comparison with its fellow competitors. Healthy competition gives the best outcome of the product like price and quality. The main aim is to maximize customers value as a source of competitive advantage. Tescos Marketing Concept Meets customer needs, wants and preferences more effectively and more closely than competitors Asda, Sainsbury WM Morrison supermarket. The basic philosophies of the organisation are production and sales, it integrates the various activities like production, selling, distribution promotion, advertisement and human resource management in a profitable way for the service of the customers. Production: Focuses on the goods where quality matters and profit is gained on the volume of sales. Quality should be maintained in all the stages of production Tesco the company which are offering more than 100 products under their own brand Tesco. Comparatively they are quality oriented and price oriented. These products are mainly targeted their customer daily needs. They are following exact market economics to market their products. Sales: Even Tesco has its own products in Tesco express also they sell products from different brands too. While comparing with other products Tesco products is more cost effective and with high quality. Tesco Express is one of emerging sub brand in the UK is offering the customer to minimise their shopping time. New innovation has been brought in the form of advanced technology for the customers to generate and pay their own receipts by them. Goals have been divided into 3 different sets- Once it sets up the plan with the right objective, the next strategy is to maximise sales with customer satisfaction. Let us take through with 3 different sets of goals. The organisation recognises the market movements of its competitors in order to maintain good mindset in peoples mind. It strives hard to satisfy customers needs, preferences and taste which is very big task. The last and foremost goal is carried out in the internal management to increase productivity with great coordination among staff members who works as a team. Let us concentrate on planning aspects with involving planning strategies as discussed below. Marketing Planning: Marketing Planning: Turning strategies into implementable action and it is a detailed written statement where each and everyone in the organisation must follow the principles and guidelines and act accordingly. Planning is decide in advance what to do and what not to do, planning plays a vital role in the supermarket division as it deals with FMCG products, in day todays business the sales increases rapidly when everything goes according to plan. Internal and External Environment Key Aspects- Position of Tesco when compared to other companies. Where are we now? Significant improvement has shown in identical market in UK Marketing Audit Market Research Environment Analysis How did we get there? They got there simply because of good performance which was solid. Where are we heading and where do we want to be? Tesco express has strived to achieve the highest standards to ensure the long-term access to quality products and maintain their position as the UKs number 1 supermarket. Tescos aim is to keep customers happy, to achieve high profit margins, to motivate workers, expand its marketing strategies, and support economic issues and to be friendly towards the environment. Tesco aims to cover every conceivable part of the consumer base with management controls. Review Procedures Management Controls How might we get there? It has good marketing mix strategies and implements successfully. By doing so it has reached heights by giving services to consumers. Tesco Express should make als Marketing Mix Which way is best? Are we on course? How can we ensure arrival? Choice criteria Screening Modelling Company Profile SWOT Once marketing planning is carried out successfully the next step is to concentrate on marketing audit. It can be analysed with the inclusion of Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats (SWOT). Once the major part is carried out successfully with all the research analysis and datas, it gives us the strategic position. The overall evaluation of a companys strengths, weakness, opportunity and threats is called as SWOT analysis. It is a way of monitoring the external and internal marketing environment. Good marketing is the art of finding, developing and profiting from these opportunities. A marketing opportunity is an area of buyer need and interest that a company has a high profitably of profitably satisfying. There are three main sources of market opportunities are. The first is to supply something that is short supply. This requires little marketing talent, as the need is obvious. The second is to supply an existing product or service in a new or superior way. The last method often leads to a very new product or service by offering lower price with good quality. To evaluate opportunities companies can use Market Opportunity Analysis (MOA) to determine their attractiveness and profitably of asking questions such as Can we focus the target markets and reach them with cost-effective method and trade markets? Can we deliver the benefits better than any actual or potential competitors? Will the financial rate of return meet or exceed our required threshold for investment? Does our company possess or have access to the critical capabilities and resources we need to deliver the customer benefits? Can we articulate the benefits convincingly to a defined target market? Based on the above Kotlers theory we will be giving out SWOT analysis data. Strengths A wider range of products including fresh and healthy food are available. Tesco express has added around 800 new product lines last year. Stores have increased by over 35% since 2000. Quality of products is sold. All classes of people can afford to buy. It has strong Market Leadership. Strong and good brand image. Weakness Range of stores is limited in Tesco Express and price is not as good as main stores. Inventory turnover is weak. Does not respond queries in time. It mainly concentrates and depends only in UK and Europe. Turnover is poor. Opportunities Planning to open retail environment in Euro zone. Tesco Express has been bought up in density area to satisfy customers requirement with ease. Opportunities in India and other international markets and also they have got private labelling schemes. Threats Intense cut throat competition High interest rates in UK. Labour wages are increasingly at a higher rate. Difficult conditions in International markets. Competitive advantage of the organisation Jack Welch, former CEO of GE says, If you dont have competitive advantage, dont compete. (Jobber 2007:773) In the face of global competition and cut throat competition, there are many competitors are growing day by day and the rule of survival for the fittest comes into picture. Companies are forced to survive by increasing the production and sales at a better rate. With todays technology changing day by day oragnisation has to put the best foot forward to stay and compete. As a result they gain enormous experience to handle different sets of consumers and their buying habits Marketing is all about to generate transactions and to generate relationships. No organisation stands alone in the market without competitors; the company cannot develop its products by developing the product range and its features but also faces the competitive environment of the market. The factors which analyses the changing economic environment in the trading community and reacts accordingly. The competitors also influences various factors such as success or failure of a business in any market conditions, this is why it is important to consider systematically a number of aspects of competitive behaviour. Competitive analysis is a systematic approaching in understanding the key factors of the planning strategy in terms of objectives, resource allocation and implementation through the marketing mix. A good understanding of these factors reveals the organisation to be in a stronger arena in building and sustaining foundations for the firm to hold its position to maintain the reputation in the longer run. Once an organisation finds with whom it is competiting and which category of the competition of the emerging market. When competitors are identified, the probability of forming them into clusters, depending on focus and strategy. The outcome of the identified clusters identifies strong and weak competitors in each group which can be considered as the strategic opportunities defined. These are the number of different characteristic that can be used for identifying strategic segments, which in turn provides a useful framework for evolving opportunities in business environment that leads to an order of implementing organisational behaviour techniques of competitors data that relies on financial performance of the segments served in marketing strategies. The arch rival of Tesco express is Costcutter The arch rival of Tesco express is Costcutter because they are the one who have similar marketing policies to overcome its rival. Tesco Express is spread all over the United Kingdom with in and around 1000 outlets but Costcutter is with 1600 outlets. Comparatively Tesco express and Costcutter got the same logic of attracting their customers to sell best quality with reasonable price . However when we analyse the competitive advantage of Tesco to overcome its fellow competitors with new innovation called Auto billing and paying system but Costcutter lacks with that facilities. opening as wel as closing times varies with Costcutter as it is opened 24 hours open and Tesco express opens from 6am in the morning and closes 10pm in the night. So all we can say is that they are the perfect competitors with having leads and falls with each other in different facts. Tesco express is using different segmentations to make the Tesco express successful among their competitors and their segmentations are geographic, usage and loyalty; On geographic segmentation they categorise their shops according to the market. They mostly were concentrating on the region where they can have the more people who are be the bread and butter consumer that means people who wants to buy one or two products at that specific period of time. Theres a brand familiarity that you dont always get from a local store and the concept is familiar through use of the superstore predecessor. On usage segmentation being an express the range are limited and choice or very little and the price is bit higher than its own Tesco extra. On the loyalty segmentation they have just rock the concept called Clubcard. They have track the customers with the card and it make them to analyse to find the exact need of customer and they serving them according to their needs. Mission Every business has its goals/objectives and works on directions set by the management. No firms can succeed without objectives and tagline of Tesco is, Every little Helps. This tagline has created a realistic statement which is motivating and creates intent in the organisation. The realistic purpose is to provide focus and direction through the conduct of the business. Specific Measurable Accurate Realistic Time bound (SMART). SMART comes into picture once SWOT analysis is completed. Strategy> Behaviour standards Tescos Marketing Objectives The main aim is to retain customer satisfaction and maintain number 1 Retail Company in the UK. To maximise sales and profit To provide reasonable price to the consumers. Marketing Environment Marketing environment and its influences. It has been divided into 2 different categories based on 4ps. Micro Environment Macro Environment Micro Environment has been divided into 4 divisions namely Suppliers Distributors Competitors Customers Macro Environment has been divided into 5 divisions namely A) Socio Cultural Environment Factors affecting demographic structure of the population, lifestyles, attitudes, cultures, issues of public and private concerns, tastes and demands. B) Technological Environment Creates new product opportunities and improve production. C) Economic Environment It determines demand and supply chain. D) Political and legal Environment Rules, laws and regulations are operated as per the Government bodies. Ex: Smoking in public places E) Ecological Environment -Factors such as global warming, pollution, recycling, packaging etc. Macro environment with Tescos principles Socio Cultural Environment Brassington and Pettitt has given definition regarding Demographic, where he briefly explains that it is the study of the measurable aspects of population structures and profiles including factors such as age , size, gender, race, occupation and location. Tesco express has widely opened across and also outside UK to satisfy customer needs and preferences. Where in it represents strengths and weakness. There are wide range of products to satisfy all ages and all classes of people. It broadens tastes and demands according to peoples lifestyle and their expectations. If it does not satisfys then customers can lose interest and faith. Technological Environment- When an organisation uses more and more different techniques then flexibility comes into picture. Tesco express operates paperless transactions. It brings out new innovation strategies to market the product as per the existing environment. The recent one which it has introduced new way of billing system call, Till , where customers can pick, pack and invoice themselves.. This new system has given new dimensions to the customers to save an extra time. Market research is carried out on a regular basis where an organisation collects information with the respect to the customer focus Economic Environment- In this Economic environment 2 key words which handles the whole market is demand and supply. When there is a demand in the market supply increases automatically, this will have a huge impact in the business environment. They concentrate on the factors affecting economic business and monitor them in order to overcome. Political and legal Environment- Each and every organisation concentrates on the government laws, rules and regulations. Tesco Express follows strict rules and regulations and gives out warning signals to the customers. It also gives smoking free environment. Ex- Smoking is prohibited Ecological Environment- It aims to set up a greenery environment in the form of waste, packaging, recycling, and also cutting carrier bag use. It converts waste into an energy source and reduces the amount of waste going to landfill by over a third and works on waste targets scheme which are reviewed and reported every week. We have taken examples of 2 like packaging and recycling. If we take packaging with the product name called Eggs. Packaging helps to protect and preserve food for longer duration and promotes the product to reach the customers in the best condition. Recycling facilities are available in all our markets except China and Turkey. Tescos future plans are to implement recycling facilities even in respective countries as mentioned to have a global impact in the marketing environment. In UK we have 600 recycling centres of our larger stores. Last year we helped customers to recycle approximately 200,000 tonnes. Market Segmentation The identification of groups of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy. (Jobber 2004) Segments can be defined on the basis of Tesco principles. ? Customer Satisfaction- customers can be pleased all the time because all the products are available under one proof so chances of pleasing them will be on higher note. They dont target individuals indeed they target on the whole. Customers have variety of products to choose and satisfy their preferences. Ex- Products are sold to all age groups with reasonable price and with most importantly good quality Methods of Segmentation Geographic It targets customers as per the location, country and also takes into consideration whether it is Rural and Urban. Before it opens any new branches, it undergoes market survey based on the customers potential within the respective location. It also makes sure that for which county products are produced, plans for the available resources so that can be used up to the fuller extent, different sets of people has different taste and preferences according to their lifestyle. Ex China and UK. In China people have different lifestyle as compared to UK. Demographic Once it does sets up the business by creating a layout of the geographic successfully, now the next part is to introduce product based on the marketing analysis which includes people age, sex, race, income, occupation, socio-economic status. It collects complete database and then goes forward. Surveys are conducted at regular intervals with the interest of not losing customers focus and interest. This reduces the negative impact on the organisation. Geo-Demographic Geo- Demographic is nothing but the combination of geographic and demographic. Organisation works on the purchasing behaviours of the people. Once it gathers the available date by doing research in first and second stage and then works as per the prescribed plan. Postcode systems can assist agencies in the new business development, customer profile and identification. Psychographic Tesco divides the market on the basis of life style and personality of the consumers. It targets people of all ages with their requirements. From grocery, eatables to liquor. Types of Target Marketing Need to include on the basis of Tescos target marketing with the inclusion of 4 ps. Undifferentiated and differentiated marketing. Let us talk about the Positioning of Tesco. In earlier days Tesco did not have the brand name but when sales started picking up and demand was on higher side, it did not compromise quality in order to reduce price and it is very convenient to the customers to purchase products as quality of products are available. Once customers got an idea how good Tesco is then Tesco gained its brand name. With the brand name Tesco started to experiment the products with greater profits and then it is managing the customers with great customer loyalty. Philosophy of entire marketing mix hinges with good positioning and failed to do so creates unsound positioning. Positioning Strategies Reasonable price Good quality More and variety of Products Clearance sales Weekend offers and Festive offers Keys to successful positioning are based on competitiveness, successful positioning, creditability and consistency. Repositioning of product Takes place when positioning of products declines. Change in customer tastes and preferences. New competitors enters the market Marketing Mix An Effective marketing mix Tesco compromises on price and does not compromises on quality More demand and more supply. Customers loyalty Refer http://www.cim.co.uk/filestore/resources/10minguides/marketingmix.pdf The Impact, positive and negative of the Tesco Express marketing mix Marketing mix is divided into 7ps but let us concentrate on 4 ps which as follows. Promotion Place Price Product. We will critically discus 4 ps in the following stages. Promotion Promotion is generally referred as awareness created towards the introduction of new product and also the availability of the existing product by means of selling activities and advertising. The main aim of promotion is to spread awareness of the products, uses and benefits. It helps the organisation to position their products in the market to reach customers. The effective tool of promotion of Tesco Express is in the form of television and email adverts, message should be clear and simple so that it can reach the targeted audience by creating a desired response. There are different types of promotions such as advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotions. Promotional strategy- One of the Tescos key strategies in the promotional activity is, Clubcard loyalty scheme where it has been a huge success and in turn their market share has been increased. This change has led them to be a market leader. They were giving best and competitive prices to the market, products like fresh vegetables, fish, chicken , mutton, beef and all sorts of necessary day to day needs which were outsourced from the farmers , fish, mongers , butchers directly. They have opened number of convenience stores in every possible place and therefore have a good appeal to a huge number of customers in the market environment. Therefore had a very huge response when they had introduced the club card plus debit card scheme. They not only target higher classes of people but also different classes of people. Introduction of Tesco finest and also budgeted version called Tesco value which is having very huge impact in all the classes of the people. Now it shows how they promote their market to reach different classes of people. Advertising- It can be defined as any paid form of non-personal promotion transmitted through a mass medium. The sponsor should be clearly identified and the advertisement may relate to an organisation, a product or a service. The key difference, therefore, between advertising and other forms of promotion is that it is impersonal and communicates with large numbers of people through paid media channels. (Ref 1) Each and every organisation will advertise for the products produced, Tesco has always gives ads saying that they sell cheapest product in the whole of UK and it is one of the cheapest selling supermarket, where they claim that the price of the products is at least a penny less than their competiting firm in the advertisement featuring Prunella scales and Jane Horrocks comparing bills between Tesco and other stores. Stringent rules has to be followed when it is giving comparative advertising as per UK governments rule and abides the body for advertising standards, the Committee of Advertising Practice as listed in the rules and regulations act. They also have different advertisement taglines called, Every little helps, We sell for less, 1 billion pounds off, is youre nearest the dearest, Low prices every day because we sell 10000 everyday. There have been many advertisement campaigns stating that their products are cheaper to their direct competitors. Personal selling and sales force- According to fill (2002, p. 16), personal selling can be defined as: An interpersonal communication tool which involves face to face activities under taken by individuals, often representing an organisation, in order to inform, persuade or remind an individual or group to take appropriate action, as required by the sponsors representative. (Ref 2) Tesco has been occupied in all the field of business with a brooder marketing strategy; as far as personal selling is concerned they do not need, since they vastly deal with day today products. The only personal selling that they follow is online shopping which is not related to this category of marketing. Sales Promotion- According to the institute of sales promotion, sales promotion is: According to the institute of sales promotion, sales promotion is: The store offers a wide range of promotional offers in various times, if they open a store they would give away vouchers having a 2 pound discount on every six pounds spent for every passerby, club card members, computer tokens for schools. Below are the examples of New Year sales promotion. Examples of the New Year promotions offers include: Danepak Maple Cure Back Bacon 220g, was ÂÂ £3.00, now ÂÂ £1.50 Extra Large Pineapple, was ÂÂ £3.00, now ÂÂ £1.50 Baking Potatoes 2.5kg, was ÂÂ £1.92, now ÂÂ £1 Dolmio Original Bolognese Pasta Sauce 750g, was ÂÂ £2.12, now ÂÂ £1.06 Princes Tuna Chunks In Brine 4X185g, was ÂÂ £5.39, now ÂÂ £2.69 Maryland Choc Chip Hazelnut Cookies 150g, was 86p, now 43p. Kelloggs Special K Oats and Honey 425g, was ÂÂ £2.87, now ÂÂ £1.40 New Covent Garden Plum Tomato Sweet Basil Soup 600g, was ÂÂ £1.97, now 98