Huck Finn - Jim :: essays research papers

Throughout all of his adventures Jim shows compassion as his most prominent trait. He makes the proofreader aware of his many superstitions and Jim exhibits gullibility in the sense that he Jim always assumes the other characters in the book will not take advantage of him. One incident proving that Jim acts naive occurs halfway through the novel, when the Duke first comes into the cyclorama & angstromquotBy right I am a duke Jims eyes bugged out when he heard that...& adenylic acidquot In the novel, huck Finn, one can legitimately prove that compassion, superstitious and gullibility illustrate Jims character perfectly. To begin with, among the many characteristics of Jim, his compassionate nature shows throughout the book. When huckaback and Jim come across the floating boathouse, Jim finds a dead man inside. He advises huckaback not to look as he says, &quotIts a dead man... dead two er three days... come in Huck, but doan look at his face.&quot At the end of the book the reader finds out that the dead man turns out as Hucks father. Further on down the river, Huck and Jim engage in a complex conversation. Jim speaks of the family he feels he has left behind. Jim tries hard to save up all his money in hopes of buying back his wife and children when he becomes a dethaw man. He expresses that he feels terrible for leaving behind his family and misses them very much. As a result, Huck feels responsible and guilty for ruining Jims freedom. Huck decides that he wants to reveal the truth, that Jim really isnt a free man. His conscience tells him not to and instead he finds himself helping Jim rather than giving him up. Jim feels so thankful to Huck when he says ". . .its all on account of Huck, Is a free man, ... yous the best friend Jims ever had...&quot Even further along, Huck becomes separated from Jim and living at the Grangerfords. Huck doesnt know if hell ever see Jim again. He also doesnt realize Jim has found a hiding spot not very far aw ay. He asks one of the Grangferfords slaves about Hucks creator and how well the lifestyle of the Grangerfords suites him. A slave reunites Jim and Huck and Huck proceeds to ask, &quotWhy didnt you tell my Jack to fetch me here sooner, Jim?&quot Jim replies, &quotWell, twarnt no use to sturb you, Huck.

The Character of Hagar in The Stone Angel Essay -- Stone Angel

The Character of Hagar in The Stone Angel Death is a subject that everyone fears because they associate death with their end and not a new beginning. In The Stone Angel, by Margaret Laurence, Hagar is no different. When she faces the reality of the implications of growing old she is face with a journey, not one of her choice but one of destiny. Through her journey Hagar goes through the five different stages leading up towards death denial, anger, bargaining, falling off and finally acceptance. The novel demonstrates each of Hagars steps along the difficult journey of death which is frightening and intimidating but also inevitable. When Hagar is first faced with the faithfulness that she is getting old and not going to be around much longer, her first reaction is one of denial. Hagar so-and-sonot believe that this is happening to her. In her mind she much or less associates death as a horrible nightmare of which she will eventually wake up and everything will be a breathing in and life will return back to normal. Hagars denial stick out be seen when she describes herself Because I cannot remember doing it nor yet recall definitely not doing it...I become fluster (Laurence, 30). Hagars greatest difficulty is that her memory is failing her and this infuriates her more than anything else but it also allows her to create an illusion that everything will be fine. Hagar makes herself believe that this cannot be happening Then, terribly, I perceive the tears, my own they must be although they have sprung so unbidden I feel they are like the incontinent wetness of the infirm. Trickling, they taunt down my face. I dismiss them, blaspheme against them - let them be gone. But I have spoken and they are still there (Laurence, 31). Haga... ...s woman, Hagar, who is determined to leave the world subordinate on no one. Hagar does not want anyone to feel pity for her, mourn her or worry about her journey. Hagar accomplishes her goal, even though in the process she has to transgress her illusion and accept the harsh facts about life and reality. In the final scene, the reader obtains the message that Hagar has reached her independence when she holds the glass of water. As a result she can leave the world peacefully knowing that in the end she succeeded in freeing herself of any help. Hagar bravely survived her last moments with her heart and the reward of satisfaction. The reader, with the help of the author, can relate to Hagars struggle through her journey, sympathizing with her, feeling her pain and keeping a part of her with them. Works CitedLaurence, Margaret. The Stone Angel. New York Knopf, 1964

Expanding the Common Ground of the Worlds Mystical Traditions :: Culture Globalization Essays

Expanding the Common Ground of the Worlds Mystical Traditionsmissing works citedABSTRACT This paper addresses spectral epistemology in that it concerns the assessment of the credibility of certain claims arising out of religious bring forth. Developments this century have made the worlds rich religious heritage affectionate to more concourse than ever. But the conflicting religious claims tend to undermine each religions central claim to be a fomite for open persons to ultimate reality. One attempt to overcome this problem is provided by perennial philosophy, which claims that there is a kind of mystical experience ballpark to all in all religious traditions, an experience which is an immediate contact with an absolute principle. Perennialism has been attacked by contextualists such as Steven Katz who argue that particular mystical experiences are so tied to a particular tradition that there are no common mystical experiences across traditions. In turn, Robert Forman and the d econtextualists have argued that a certain kind of mystical experience and process are found in diverse traditions, thereby supporting one of the key elements of perennialism. I review the contextualist-decontextualist debate and suggest a look into project that would pursue the question of whether the common ground of the worlds mystical traditions could be expanded beyond what has been established by the decontextualists. The extension of this common ground would add credibility to the claims arising out of mystical experience. It is appropriate at this conference to address however narrowly and briefly an important twentieth-century development in the worlds religious life. Advances in scholarship, communication, transportation, and mass education have made the richness of the worlds religious heritage accessible to more people than ever before. But this increase accessibility has not strengthened religious belief, but may, in fact, have had the opposite effect. This is becaus e the revolution in accessibility to the worlds religious traditions has made more people than ever before aware of the conflicting claims of the worlds religions. Of course, each traditions adherents believe their tradition to be the primary expression of the truth, but there seems to be no diaphanous non-partisan way to determine which tradition has superior credentials. Thus the conflicting claims of competing religious traditions tend to undermine each religions central claim that it is a vehicle for opening oneself to ultimate reality. One attempt to overcome this problem is provided by so-called perennial philosophy school, to use the term used by Robert K.

Response to the Film William Faulkner, a Life on Paper :: Movie Film Essays

Response to the Film William Faulkner, a Life on Paper My first response in general to the study is how utterly scary many of the people interviewed were. Coming from Central Florida, I can h geniusstly say I am non from the Deep South, as there were several instances where someone was speaking in the film and I simply could not figure out what they were saying through their accent. Of the people interviewed who were not locals from Mississippi, many of the Hollywood representatives were decidedly more intelligible yet no less intimidating, many of them men I would not want to be stuck public lecture to in a party. provided aside from such characters, the film created an interesting portrait of Faulkner the father. One could certainly see intent on the filmmakers part to shed Faulkner the father in the shadow of Faulkner the author. The film shows interviews with two of Faulkners daughters one full and one stepdaughter. Intriguingly, the latter of these is shown speaking on came ra only once, a scene in which she characterized her stepfathers severe drinking problems and how scared she was of her stepfather during those experiences. Jill, his full daughter, seemed to go along with these sentiments. She recalls one time she tried to stop him from drinking, to which he responded with the or so memorable line of the film Nobody remembers Shakespeares child, which apparently was effective in discouraging any further attempts to stop his drinking. Jill seems ambivalent of her father. On the one hand, she knows she is on camera speaking about her famous and beloved father, and is thus expected to like him. And indeed, she does effectively convey some sense of love for her father. But she simultaneously embeds a disconnectedness from her father. If she had not repeatedly referred to him as Poppy, one would never catch on that she was his daughter. Her revelations and reminisces seem hardly familial, but rather take aim the same way all of the other memories of h im do enigmatically and unfamiliarly. The film suggests Faulkner does not feel disappointed in having a daughter rather than a son, and I might go so far as to believe that this characterization of the unfamilial child would have existed for a son as well.

Argument Against the Death Penalty Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive C

Argument Against the cobblers last PenaltyLife is sacred. This is an ideal that the majority of people goat agree upon to a certain extent. For this reason taking the look of another has always been considered the most deplorable of crimes, one worthy of the harshest available punishment. Thus arises one of the great object lesson dilemmas of our time. Should taking the life of one who has taken the life of others be considered an available punishment? Is a murderers life whatever less sacred than the victims is? Can cap punishment, the death penalty, execution, legal murder, or whatever a society wishes to call it, be morally justifiable? The underlying question in this issue is if any kind of killing, regardless of reason, can be accepted. In this paper I will discuss if the modern American form of capital punishment can be morally justified. Opponents of the death penalty have a distinct advantage when arguing their point over advocates. Their advantage is the fact that taki ng the life of another is immoral, and if you remove all outstanding constituent capital punishment is nothing more than legalized murder. This argument alone is not strong enough, though, because of the many circumstances surrounding capital punishment, such as the fact that the convict being executed has more than likely taken someone elses life. The first justification for the phone call that capital punishment is immoral is the idea that it creates a climate of force play. If a society punishes a murderer by murdering them what are we saying about violence? Our society teaches its children that violence does not solve anything, and yet our highest form of punishment is no different than the crime it punishes. Capital punishment also furthers the desensitiz... ... Press Inc, 1986. The working capital Research Project. The Case Against Capital Punishment. 1971. Sowell, Thomas and DiIulio, John J. Jr. The Death Penalty is a Deterrent. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 198 6. King, Glen D. On Behalf of the Death Penalty. The Death Penalty in America. 1982. Prejean, Helen. The Death Penalty is Morally Unjust. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986. Amsterdam, Anthony G. Capital Punishment. The Death Penalty in America. 1982. DiSpoldo, Nick. The Death Penalty is apply Unfairly to the Poor. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986. Ross, Michael. The Death Penalty is utilize Unfairly to Blacks. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986. Rothman, Stanley and Powers, Steven. The Death Penalty is Not Applied Unfairly to Blacks. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986.

Argument Against the Death Penalty Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive C

Argument Against the Death punishmentLife is sacred. This is an musical themel that the majority of people can agree upon to a certain extent. For this reason taking the life-time of another has always been considered the most deplorable of crimes, one worthy of the harshest available punishment. Thus arises one of the great moral dilemmas of our time. Should taking the life of one who has interpreted the life of others be considered an available punishment? Is a murderers life any less sacred than the victims is? Can capital punishment, the death punishment, execution, legal murder, or whatsoever a society wishes to call it, be morally justifiable? The underlying question in this issue is if any kind of killing, regardless of reason, can be accepted. In this paper I will discuss if the modern American form of capital punishment can be morally justified. Opponents of the death penalty have a distinct advantage when arguing their point over advocates. Their advantage is the fact th at taking the life of another is immoral, and if you remove all heavy(p) circumstances capital punishment is nothing more than legalized murder. This argument alone is not strong enough, though, because of the many circumstances surrounding capital punishment, such as the fact that the convict being executed has more than likely taken someone elses life. The first justification for the claim that capital punishment is immoral is the idea that it creates a climate of violence. If a society punishes a murderer by murdering them what are we saying about violence? Our society teaches its children that violence does not wreak anything, and yet our highest form of punishment is no different than the crime it punishes. Capital punishment also furthers the desensitiz... ... Press Inc, 1986. The Washington Research Project. The Case Against Capital Punishment. 1971. Sowell, doubting Thomas and DiIulio, John J. Jr. The Death Penalty is a Deterrent. The Death Penalty oppose Viewpoints. 198 6. King, Glen D. On Behalf of the Death Penalty. The Death Penalty in America. 1982. Prejean, Helen. The Death Penalty is Morally Unjust. The Death Penalty argue Viewpoints. 1986. Amsterdam, Anthony G. Capital Punishment. The Death Penalty in America. 1982. DiSpoldo, Nick. The Death Penalty is Applied Unfairly to the Poor. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986. Ross, Michael. The Death Penalty is Applied Unfairly to Blacks. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986. Rothman, Stanley and Powers, Steven. The Death Penalty is Not Applied Unfairly to Blacks. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. 1986.

Capacity Contract Law

Question 1(i) Phing, 17 historic period old daughter of a wealthy caper world is currently studying at a University College at Kelana Jaya. She bought a luxury car Audi R8 blush RM 900,000. The car has now been delivered but she is unable(p) to payfor it. Firstly, Phing is a 17 years old teen developr which also known as minuscule. Minor is a psyche who leg whollyy downstairs progress who has non yet succeed the age of majority, and which atomic number 18 denied the ability to fully and freely veer. In Capacity of partitioning 11 define a person who is of the age of majority, survive mind and is not disqualified from arrangementing under each law.Age of majority is recognized as above 18 years of age as buckle under tongue to in theAge of Majority work out 1971. Below are similar with the field of study, which casefulful 1 Ryder v. Wombwell (1868), the defendant, an infant, having an income of only 500 Pounds per year was supplied a pair of crystal, sanguine a nd diamond solitaries and an antique silver goblet. It was held that these things could not be considered to be necessaries. It was observed that certain things wish well ear rings for a male, spectacles for a machination person, or a wild animal, cannot be considered as necessaries.For anformer(a) case which case 2 Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) the plaintiff, Dharmodas Ghose, while he was a meek, mortgaged his seat in favour of the defendant, Brahmo Dutt, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs. 20,000. The actual amount of loan given was less than Rs. 20,000. At the time of the transaction the attorney, who acted on behalf of the money lender, had the knowledge that the plaintiff is a diminished. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him.Held mortgage was unfilled and inoperative and the very(prenominal) should be cancelled. In the Phing case, she is unable to pay for luxury car Audi R8 which is already delivered to her. Under the Sale of Goods Act (1979) Phing is against the section 32 of the Act goes on to maintain that unless otherwise agreed, delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions. This means that the seller shall be ready and willing to give obstinance of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price, and the buyer shall be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods.However, before look on the section 32 of the Act we also put one everyplace to refer the fraction 3(2) of the Act. Under this section, necessaries are defined as the goods are able to the condition in life of the minor or other person concerned and to his actual requirements at the time of sale and delivery. Necessaries are things which are essential to the existence and healthy comfort of the infant. Luxurious articles are excluded. Thus, what may be termed as necessaries depends on the nature of goods supplied as wel l as the infants actual needs.In the succeeding(a) case which case 3 Fawcett v Smthurst (1914) the salute ruled that a minor is not bound by a contract for the hire of a car, although it was a necessary service, as the contract included the terms which make him apt(p) for damage to the car in any event, whether or not the damage in his fault. Where there is a binding contract for necessaries, the minor is only bound to pay a reasonable price for them. Next case is relevant with luxury cases, case 4 Chapple v. Cooper (1844) a minor whose husband had recently died contracted with under analyzers for his funeral.She later refused to pay the cost of the funeral, claiming her in strength to contract. The court held her liable to pay the bill. The funeral was for her private benefit and was a necessary as she had an perspicuous obligation to bury her dead husband. In the next, case 5 Nash v Inman (1908) a Cambridge undergraduate, the son of an architect, was supplied with clothes, inc luding 11 fancy waistcoats, to the value of $122. The cloth could be appropriate to the station in life of the undergraduate, but the contract was not enforceable because the minor was already adequately supplied with clothes.Therefore clothes supplied by the tailor could not be classified as necessaries. As conclusion, in the Phing case, she is only a minor and not has any income when she was studying, therefore, the luxury car may not be the necessaries for her. In conclusion, Phing buy luxury car Audi R8 contract is void, she is not obliged to stomach and pay any damages. Question 1(ii) In this case, Phing is a 17 year old pupil bought a Myvi as a transport to travel affirm and forth from the college. In the element of contract, Phing is already against with the condenser section 11.In section 11 of capacity secernate that Every person is competent to contract who is of age of majority according to law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. It means that the following 3 categories of persons are not competent to contract. The location of a minor is a person who has not attained the age of majority is a minor. Section 4 of the age of majority, the minority of all males and females shall cease and determine within Malaysia at the age of 18 years and every such male and female attaining that age shall be of the age of majority.However, some contracts of capacity do by infants are not void there are contract for necessaries, contract for scholarships and contract for insurance. In the case of Phing bought a Myvi may be necessaries for her to travel back and forth from the college. According the section 69 of Contract Act (1950) say that the necessaries supplied to a minor should be suited to his condition life it does not mean the food, clothing, shelter and education, but such things which may be necessary to maintain a person according to his condition in life.Belo w is the cases that related with contract for necessaries, which case 1 Kunwarlal v. Surajmal (1963) It has held that the polarity given to a minor on rent for living and act his studies is deemed to be supply of necessaries suited to the minors conditions of life, and the rent for the house can be recovered. For another good summary case is case 2 Chapple v Cooper (1844) where the court ruled that the funeral service of her husband was a necessary service for the young widow in this case, so she was obliged to pay. In the case of case 3 Clowes v.Brook (1739) where, though the plaintiff Farriers claim for work done on an infants horse failed on technical invocationding purposes, it would appear clear to involve been accepted by the Court that a horse could be a necessary in certain cases. In the case 4 Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) case, the gutter Council did not consider it necessary to decide whether Section 115, Indian Evidence Act was applicable to the present c ase, because the money lender was not misled by the nonsensical statement make by the minor as has was aware of the real age of the borrower .Under the Section 3(2) of the Sale of Good Act (1979), provides that if goods are sold and delivered to minor leagueor those mentally incapacitatedthe minor will be liable to pay a reasonable price if the goods are necessaries. The case more suitable for showing this section is case 5 Roberts v. Gray (1913), in this case a minor was held liable for his failure to perform a contract for a tour with the plaintiff, a noted billiards player. It was a contract for the instruction of the minor. The contract was wholly executory and but it was held that the contract was binding on him from its formation. In conclusion, in Phing case to purchasedMyvi, Myvi car is her necessaries good for her to travel back and forth from the college and she is able to afford it, so the contract for her to purchased Myvi car is valid. Question 1(iii) Phing is 17 year old, she is a student which studying at a University College at Kelana Jaya. She now has to take a state loan of RM 20,000 for her studies in the college. 17 year old is not attained the age of majority, for another word Phing is also call as minor. In capacity section 11 define that a person who legally modest who has not yet attained the age of majority, and which are denied the ability to fully and freely contract.The similar case that related which case 1 Burnard v. Haggis (1863), there a minor hired a mare. It was expressly agreed that the mare will be used only for riding and not for jumping and larking. The mare was make to jump over a fence she was impaled on it and killed. It was held that the minor was liable for negligently killing the mare as his act was totally separate of the contract made by him. For another similar case, which case 2 Ballett v. Mingay (1943), there a minor hired a microphone and an ampliphier. Instead of returning the same to the owner the minor p assed it on to his friend.It was held that the minors act of passing it on was altogether outside the purview of bailment and, therefore, the minor could be made liable for detinue. In the Phing case, she unable to have the contract to get the scholarship, but Under the Section 69 of Contract Act 1950, it is give tongue to that if a person, in surefooted of ledger entry into a contract, or anyone whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is authorize to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. Under necessaries a minor can enter into valid contract if only it is the basic need of the minor and suitable of his or her station in life or lifestyle. The similar cases that related with, which case 3 Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) case, the minor misrepresented his age while winning loan, but the fact that the person taking the loan is a minor was known to the money lender.The Privy Council did not consider it necessary to decide whether Section 115, Indian Evidence Act was applicable to the present case, because the money lender was not misled by the false statement made by the minor as has was aware of the real age of the borrower. Contract of Scholarship between a minor and the government or non government organization is also under Section 4 (a) Contracts (Amendment) Act 1976 the scholar entering into such agreement is not of the age of majority. Next similar case, which case 4 Government of Malaysia v.Gurcharansingh & ors (1971) say that when the award, bursary, loan or scholarships granted by the federal or state government, a statutory authority, or an educational institution such as a university. Thisis a good example case to show the contract of scholarship, in this case Gurchran is a student who had received a government scholarship to support teacher training and was bonded to serve the government. However, Gu rcharan left the service before completing his 5 years bond. When the Government sued Gurcharan for breach of contract, he contended that he had no capacity to contract.The court, never the less, held that education was a necessary. For another good case is case 5 Harnedy v National Greyhound Racing Co. Ltd, where the contract does not appear to have had any connection, whether by way of analogy or otherwise, with contracts for the education or employment of children or contacts for personal services. The distinction between trading contracts and contracts for apprenticeship and education and similar contracts may often be difficult to draw. Treitel has commented that, an infant haulage contractor is a trader, but probably an infant driver would not be.An infant house painter probably be regarded as a trader, but not an infant portrait painter. In conclusion, Phing have to take loan of scholarship to spread over her study, so the scholarship will be the necessaries for Phing, so t he contract for her to get scholarship is valid. Question 1(b) Johnny is an old man. He has children, Joe and capital of Seychelles. Johnny has informed everyone that when he dies, the property is to be shared equally among Joe and Victoria. He stays with Victoria and is totally dependent on her to look after him. Johnny loves Victoria and does some(prenominal) she tells him to do.Two months ago, Johnny transferred all his property to Victoria. In this case, Victoria take care of her father is her responsibility, but Johnny should not transfer all property to Victoria although he loves Victoria so much. Johnny should be fair for Joe too. On the other situation, Victoria maybe said something or persuades her father, Johnny to transfer all property to her. If this situation become true, Victoria is against vitiating factors, Section 10 Contracts must be entered into with free consent of the parties and Section 10(1) all agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract.Section 14 Consent is free when it is not caused by Section 16(1) undue limit Undue influence spend where there is a relationship between the parties and one party is in the position to dominate the will of the other. The dominant part uses that position to obtain an partial advantage over the other. The word undue influence has the tendency to make people feel that it would include situations where one party is about to persuade the other through some kind of influence in a general sense ands. Undue influence can divide into actual undue influence and presumed undue influence.Actual undue influence as the name suggests, requires proof that the contract was entered into as a result of actual influence exerted. The claimant must plead and taste the acts which they assert amounted to undue influence. This may include such acts as threats to enda relationship, continuing to badger the party where they have refused consent until they eventually give in. For presumed undue influence is no automatic presumption arising as a matter of law. Here it must be established that there is a relationship of such a kind that one party in fact placed their trust and confidence in the other to safeguard their interest.Any relationship is capable of amounting to this examples include husband and wife, cohabitees, employer and employee. In Section 16(2) person is in a position to dominate the will of another where he holds a real/ seeming(a) authority over the other, or where he stands in a fiduciary relation to the other, he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness or mental bodily distress. Next, in Section 16(3) where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another, enters into a contract ith him, and the transaction appears, on the face of it or on the evidence adduced, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that the contract was not induced b y undue influence shall lie upon the person in a position to dominate the will of the other as the case 1 Re Craig (1971) C, an old man of 84 years whose wife had died, employed Mrs M as secretary/companion. From the beginning she occupied a position of trust, and in addition to running the house she took a confidential part in running Cs affairs.From the time of Mrs Ms employment and Cs death (January 1959 August 1964) he gave her gifts worth ? 28,000 from his total as go downs of ? 40,000. It was held by the Chancery Division that All the gifts complained of where such as to satisfy the requirements to raise the presumption of undue influence, namely, that they could not be accounted for on the ground of the ordinary motives on which ordinary men act, and secondly, that the relationship between C and Mrs M involved such confidence by C in Mrs M as to place her in a position to exercise undue influence over him.Mrs M failed to discharge the onus on her of establishing that the gif ts were only made after full, free and informed discussion so as to rebut the presumption of undue influence. The gifts would, therefore, be set aside. Other similar cases, which case 2 Williams v Bailey (1866) A son forged his fathers signature on promissory notes and gave them to their intrusters. At a meeting of all the parties at the bank, one of the bankers said to the father If the bills are yours we are all right if they are not, we have only one course to pursue we cannot be parties to compounding a felony. The banks solicitor said it was a serious matter and the fathers own solicitor added, a case of transportation for life. After further discussion as to the sons financial liability the banks solicitor said that they could only look to the father. The father therefore agreed to make an equitable mortgage to the bank in consideration of the return of the promissory notes. The father succeeded in an action for cancellation of the agreement.It was held by Lord Westbury t hat the guarantor given for the debt of the son by the father under such circumstances was not the warrantor of a man who acted with that freedom and power of deliberation that must be considered as necessary to validate a contract to give security for the debt of another. Besides that, in the capital of Singapore High Court case, which case 3 che Som bte. Yip & Ors. V. Maha Pte. Ltd. & Ors. ( Maha Pte. Ltd. & Anor. , Third Parties) a mortgage deed was set aside in so far as it affected the plaintiff over whom undue influence was exercised.In this case the relationship was that of brothers. This relationship does not per se (That is, on the face of it) give rise to a presumption of undue influence. However, the court set up as a fact that undue influence was indeed exercised. In the next similar case, which case 4 Inche Noriah v. Shaik Allie Bin Omar (1929) case, an old and illiterate Malay woman executed a deed of gift of a landed property in Singapore in favour of her nephew wh o had been managing her affairs. Before executing the deed the donor had independent advice from a lawyer who acted in good faith.However, he was unaware that the gift constituted practically he whole of her property and did not impress upon her that she could prudently, and equally effectively, have benefited the done by bestowing the property upon him by a will. Held the gift should be set aside as the presumption of undue influence, which is raised by the relationship proved to have been in existence between the parties, was not rebutted. A plea of undue influence can only be raised by a party to the contract and not by a third party, this have been show in the case, which case 5 Malaysian Freach Bank Bhd. V. Abdullah bin Mohd Yusof & Ors.It was held that in order to establish undue influence, the defendants have to prove that the plaintiff was in a position to dominate their will and thus obtained an unfair advantage by using that position. In this case, there is undue influenc e involving family members or friends. very much cases arise that involve family and friends who become parties to a contract. In general, family relationships, such as between husband and wife or parent and child, are confidential relationships. These relationships, like fiduciary relationships, have at their crux a history of informal trust and confidential dealings.In cases that arise where a family member gains a profit or distinct advantage through dealing with a weaker party, the courts have looked to see if the weaker party is very old, mentally incapacitated, suffering from debilitating sickness, or otherwise physically or psychologically impaired. Such physical or psychological impairment combined with a lack of independent advice and a contract giving an obvious advantage to a family member would force the stronger party to prove the contracts fairness. The cases of undue influence, which case6 Allcard v.Skinner Miss Allcard was introduced by the Revd Mr Nihill to Miss S kinner, a lady maestro of a religious order named Protestant Sisters of the Poor. She had to observe vows of poverty and obedience. Three days after becoming a member, Miss Allcard made a will bequeathing all property to Miss Skinner, and passed on railway stock that she came into possession of in 1872 and 1874. She then claimed the money back after she left the sisterhood. Held Lindley LJ, held that she was unduly influenced but barred by laches from getting restitution.And in any case she would only have been able to recover as much of the gift as remained in the defendants hands after some of it had been spent in accordance with her wishes. Another next case, which case 7 In majestic Bank of Scotland v Etridge 2001, the House of Lord indicates that, in normal circumstances, a wifes agreement to charge the matrimonial collection plate as security for her husbands business debts is not a transaction that calls for explanation. Undue influence connotes impropriety, and should onl y be found where the husbands influence has been utilise .Then, the other case, which case 8 Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy(1974) Herbert James Bundy was a farmer. His son, Michael, formed a MJB Plant Hire Ltd and it was in financial trouble. Mr Bundy had already guaranteed the business with a ? 7,500 charge over his only asset to Lloyds. This was his farmhouse at Yew Tree Farm,Broadchalke, and Wiltshire. Michaels company got into more trouble soundless, and needed more money. Bundys solicitor said not to put on any more money, but they went up to ? 11,000.The assistant manager of Lloyds, Mr Head explained the companys position to Bundy (i. e. a conflict of interest) but neglected to say the company was in serious trouble. Bundy signed the guarantee and charge form. Lloyds foreclosed on the house when the money was not paid, and Bundy had a heart attack in the security guard box. The question was whether the contract leading to the repossession of the house was voidable for some iniqui tous pressure. The held is that the contract was voidable due to the unequal bargaining position in which Mr Bundy had found himself.He held that undue influence was a category of a wider class where the balance of power between the parties was such as to merit the interference of the court. It was apparent that Mr Bundy had, without independent advice entered the contract and it was very unfair and pressures were brought to bear by the bank. Another similar case, which case 9 National Westminster Bank v. Morgan (1985) Mrs Morgan jointly own the family home with her husband. As a result of his business problems, their mortgage payments fell into arrears, and the bank started to seek possession.Mr Morgan approached the bank to arrange a refinancing loan (this work as follows if Mr Morgans authoritative mortgage was for ? 50,000, and he owed arrears of ? 5,000, he could replace the mortgage with a refinancing loan of ? 55,000, and start afresh). Mrs Morgans signature was required to use the house as security for the extended loans. The bank manager went to see her, in the presence of Mr Morgan she made it clear that she had little confidence in her husbands business and wanted to talk to the manager alone, but this did not happen, and she eventually signed to prevent the house being repossessed.The loan was not repaid, and Mr Morgan later died. When the bank tried to take possession of the house, Mrs Morgan pleaded undue influence. Next, the case which case10 CIBC Mortgages v Pitt(1994) Mr Pitt wished to purchase some shares on the stock market. He pressured his wife into signing a mortgage of ? 150,000 securing the family home. The stated purpose of the loan was to purchase a holiday home and pay off the existing mortgage. The husband used the money to purchase shares and then used those shares as collateral to purchase further shares.For a time the shares did very well and he was a millionaire on paper. The wife saw no benefit from these shares as any income was always used to purchase more shares. In 1987 the stock market crashed. The bank sought to enforce the security under the mortgage which at the time exceeded the value of the home. The wife raised actual undue influence in defence. The judged is the Overruling BBCI v Aboody it is not necessary for a claimant to attest endorse disadvantage where a defence is based on actual undue influence.However, as the transaction on its face did not seem to the manifest disadvantage of the wife, because the stated purpose was to purchase a holiday home, the bank was not put on enquiry and therefore could not be hardened with constructive notice. In the case11 Bank of Credit and Commerce International v Aboody(1990) A husband exerted actual undue influence over his wife in order to get her to sign a charge securing the family home on the debts owed by the company in which the husband and wife owned shares. The couples were unable to repay the mortgage and the bank sought to repossess the ho me.The wife sought to have the mortgage set aside on the grounds that it was procured by actual undue influence of the husband. Held the husband had exerted actual undue influence on the wife. However, the transaction was not to the manifest disadvantage of the wife since she owned shares in the company. In considering whether a transaction was to the manifest disadvantage the court was to have regard to any benefits received in addition to the risks undertaken. Therefore the banks were granted possession. Furthermore, in case12 Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Burch(1997) Miss Burch started working for her employer at the age of 18.She became close to the director, Mr Pelosi, who was an Italian business man 10 years older and trusted him implicitly. She often visited his home to do babysitting and went on holiday with the family to Italy. At the age of 21 she purchased a flat. 5 years later, she was still working for him but the company was experiencing financial difficulty. Mr Pelosi asked her to put her flat up as security for a loan taken out by the company. He told her that his home and villa in Italy were also secured on the debt but they would not accept 100% mortgage on these properties and needed another ? 0,000. She agreed to allow her home to be used as security believing that it was only ? 20,000 and that Mr Pelosis properties would first be sold which would release the debt so that there was no risk to her. The bank had written to her and informed her that the charge was unlimited in amount and time and sensible her to seek independent advice. She at no time was told of the extent of the companys borrowings which stood at ? 270,000 neither did the bank satisfy themselves that she had in fact received independent advice.In the case 13 UCB v Williams(2002) The Williams family (Mr & Mrs Jack Williams and their three grown up children) ran a garage business as a colleagueship with the benefit of a franchise from Toyota. Toyota threatened to withd raw the franchise unless the showrooms were extended and improved. The cost for this was ? 500,000. The Williams approached the bank for a loan which asked for security by way of a charge on the three showrooms in addition to a charge on each of the partners home. The defendant, Mrs Williams, was the wife of one of the sons.She had signed the charge without having been told the full extent of the liability. The signature was executed in the presence of all the other partners and witnessed by Mr. Howells, the solicitor of the partnership. The charge secured all debts present and future of the partnership and provided for joint and several liabilities of all the partners. The business was unable to repay the loan and became bankrupt. UCB sought to enforce the charge and Mrs Williams raised undue influence and misrepresentation in her defence. The trial judge, HHJ Hickinbottom, held that undue influence and misrepresentation were established.However, he held that Mrs Williams would hav e signed the charge in any event had she known the full facts and also that UCB were not fixed with constructive notice as a solicitor had witnessed the signature therefore they could assume Mrs Williams had been advised accordingly. Mrs Williams appealed to the Court of Appeal. Held Mrs Williams was successful on both grounds. In conclusion, Joe still can voidable the contract about the Johnny transferred all his property to Victoria. If the contract is void, property Johnny will use back the contract in early to share equally among for Joe and Victoria.

The Hero And The Crown Part One Chapter 1

To TerriThe Hero and the Cr avouch takes place some considerable span of years in front the measure of The Blue Sword. on that point are a few fairly dramatic topographical differences between the Damar of Aerins day and that of Harrys.Part OneChapter 1SHE COULD NOT REMEMBER a time when she had non know the story she had self-ag exaltedising up knowing it. She supposed some unitary must cod told her it, sometime, solely she could not remember the telling. She was beyond having to blink game tears when she thought of those things the story explained, only when when she was feeling smaller and shabbier than usual in the large shiny City high in the Damarian Hills she still found herself brooding about them and brooding sometimes brought on a tight headachy feeling around her temples, a feeling like suppressed tears.She brooded, flavour out over the wide low sill of the stone window-frame she looked up, into the Hills, because the glassy surface of the judicature was too b po werful at midday to stare at long. Her mind ran down an old familiar track Who might require told her the story? It wouldnt have been her father who told her, for he had seldom rn more than a few words together to her when she was schoolgirlisher his slow kind grimaces and slightly preoccupied air had been the most she knew of him. She had always cognize that he was fond of her, which was something neertheless she had solitary(prenominal) recently begun to screw into focus for him, and that, as he had told her himself, in an unexpected fashion. He had the best the notwithstanding right to have told her the story of her birth, but he would not have done so.Nor would it have been the hafor, the folk of the household they were polite to her always, in their wary way, and reserved, and spoke to her only about household details. It surprised her that they still remembered to be wary, for she had long since proven that she possessed nobody to be wary about. Royal children wer e usually somewhat terrible to be in daily contact with, for their Gifts often erupted in abrupt and unexpected ways. It was a low surprising, even, that the hafor still both(prenominal)ered to treat her with respect, for the fact that she was her fathers miss was accepted by nothing but the fact that her fathers wife had borne her. exclusively then, for all that was verbalise about her mother, no one ever suggested that she was not an reliable wife.And she would not have run and told tales on any of the hafor who slighted her, as Galanna would and regularly did, even though e preciseone treated her with the greatest deference humanly possible. Galannas Gift, it was dryly said, was to be impossible to please. save perhaps from the hafors viewpoint it was not worth the risk to discover any points of similarity or dissimilarity between herself and Galanna and a bearing of service in a household that included Galanna doubtless rendered anyone who withstood it automatically wary and respectful of anything that extendd. She smiled. She could see the wind stir the treetops, for the surface of the Hills seemed to ripple at a lower place the blue sky the breeze, when it slid through her window, smelled of leaves.It might very well have been Galanna who told her the story, come to that. It would be like her and Galanna had always hated her still did, for all that she was grown now, and married besides, to Perlith, who was a second sola of Damar. The only higher ranks were first sola and king but Galanna had hoped to marry Tor, who was first sola and would someday be king. It was no matter that Tor would not have had Galanna if she had been the only royal maiden available Id run off into the Hills and be a bandit first, a much younger Tor had told his very young cousin, who had gone off in fits of giggles at the idea of Tor wearing rags and a blue headband and dancing for luck under each quarter of the moon. Tor, who at the time had been stiff with terr or at Galannas very determined attempts to ensnare him, had relaxed becoming to grin and tell her she had no proper respect and was a chagrinless hoyden. Yes, she said unrepentantly. Tor, for whatever reasons, was rather over-formal with everyone but her but being first sola to a solemn, twice-widowed king of a land with a shadow over it might have had that effect on a far more frivolous young man than Tor. She suspected that he was as grateful for her existence as she was for his one of her earliest memories was riding in a baby-sack over Tors shoulders while he galloped his horse over a series of hurdles she had screamed with delight and wound her tiny hands in his thick black hair. Teka, later, had been furious but Tor, who usually took any accusation of the slightest dereliction of duty with white lips and a set face, had only laughed.But whenever she decided that it must have been Galanna who first told her the story, she found she couldnt believe it of her after all. Having told it for spite and malice, yes but the story itself had too much sad grandeur. But perhaps she only felt that way because it was about her mother perhaps she had changed it in her own mind, made a tragedy of nothing but cultivate gossip. But that Galanna would deliberately spend enough time in her company to tell her the story was out of character Galanna preferred whenever possible to look mistily over the head of the least of her cousins, with an expression on her face indicating that thither was a dead fly on the windowsill and why hadnt the hafor swept it away? When Galanna was shock into speaking to her at all, it was usually from a motive of immediate vengeance. The tale of Arlbeths second wife would be too roundabout for her purposes. Still, that it had been one of the cousins was the best guess. not Tor, of course. One of the others.She angle of diped out of the window and looked down. It was hard to recognize people from the tops of their heads, several stories up. E xcept Tor she always knew him, even if all she had to go on was an jostle extending an inch or two beyond a doorframe. This below her now was credibly Perlith that self-satisfied walk was distinctive even from above, and the way three of the hafor, robed in fine livery, trailed behind him for no purpose but to lend to their masters importance by their presence comely well assured it. Tor went about alone, when he could he told her, grimly, that he had enough of company during the course of his duties as first sola, and the last thing he wanted was an unofficial entourage for any gaps in the official ones. And shed like to see her father pulling velvet-covered flunkeys in his wake, like a child with a toy on a string.Perliths head spoke to another dark head, the hafor waiting respectfully several arms1 length distant then someone on a horse she could not distinguish personas but she heard the click of hoofs emerged from around a corner. The rider wore the livery of a messenger , and the cut of his saddle said he came from the west. Both heads turned toward him and tipped up, so she could see the pale blur of their faces as they spoke to him. Then the horseman cantered off, the horse placing its feet very delicately, for it was dangerous to go too quickly across the saluteyard and Perlith and the other man, and Perliths entourage, disappeared from her view.She didnt have to hear what they said to each other to know what was going on but the knowledge gave her no pleasure, for it had already brought her both shame and bitter disappointment. It was each the shame or the disappointment that kept her mewed up in her rooms, alone, now.She had hardly seen her father or Tor for the week past as they wrestled with messages and messengers, as they attempt to slow down whatever it was that would happen anyway, while they tried to decide what to do when it had happened. The western barons the fourth solas were making trouble. The rumor was that someone from the North, either human or human enough to look it, had carried a bit of demon-mis straits south across the Border and let it loose at the barons council in the spring. Nyrlol was the chief of the council for no better reason than that his father had been chief but his father had been a better and a wiser man. Nyrlol was not known for intelligence, and he was known for a short and violent temper the perfect target for demon-mischief.Nyrlols father would have recognized it for what it was. But Nyrlol had not recognized anything it had simply seemed like a marvelous idea to secede from Damar and the rule of Damars King Arlbeth and Tor-sola, and set himself up as King Nyrlol and to slap a new tax on his farmers to support the raising of an army, eventually to take the rest of Damar away from Arlbeth and Tor, who didnt run it as well as he could. He managed to convince several of his brother barons (demon-mischief, once it has infected one human being, will usually then spread like a plag ue) of the brilliance of his plan, while the mischief muddled their wits. There had been a further rumor, much fainter, that Nyrlol had, with his wonderful idea, suddenly developed a mesmerizing ability to sway those who heard him speak and this rumor was a much more worrying one, for, if square(a), the demon-mischief was very strong indeed.Arlbeth had chosen to pay no attention to the second rumor or rather to pay only enough attention to it to discount it, that none of his folk might think he shunned it from fear. But he did declare that the trouble was enough that he must serve well to it personally and with him would go Tor, and a substantial portion of the army, and almost as substantial a portion of the court, with all its velvets and jewels brought along for a fine grand show of courtesy, to pretend to disguise the army at its back. But both sides would know that the army was an army, and the show only a show. What Arlbeth planned to do was both difficult and dangerous, for he wished to prevent a civil war, not provoke one. He would choose those to go with him with the greatest care and caution.But youre taking Perlith? shed asked Tor disbelievingly, when she met him by chance one day, out behind the barns, where she could let her disbelief show.Tor grimaced. I know Perlith isnt a very worthwhile human being, but hes actually pretty effective at this sort of thing because hes such a good liar, you know, and because he can say the most appalling things in the most courteous manner.No women rode in Arlbeths army. A few of the bolder wives might be permitted to go with their husbands, those who could ride and had been trained in cavalry drill and those who could be trusted to smile even at Nyrlol (depending on how the negotiations went), and curtsy to him as befitted his rank as fourth sola, and even dance with him if he should ask. But it was expected that no wife would go unless her husband asked her, and no husband would ask unless he had asked the k ing first.Galanna would certainly not go, even if Perlith had been willing to go to the trouble of obtaining leave from Arlbeth (which would probably not have been granted). Fortunately for the peace of all concerned, Galanna had no interest in going anything resembling hardship did not appeal to her in the least, and she was sure that nothing in the barbaric west could possibly be worth her time and beauty.A kings daughter might go too a kings daughter who had, perhaps, proved herself in some small ways who had learned to keep her mouth shut, and to smile on cue a kings daughter who happened to be the kings only child. She had known they would not let her she had known that Arlbeth would not dare give his permission even had he wanted to, and she did not know if he had wanted to. But he could not dare take the witch womans daughter to confront the workings of demon-mischief his people would never let him, and he too sorely inevitable his peoples good will.But she could not help a sking any more, she supposed, than poor stupid Nyrlol could help going mad when the demon-mischief bit him. She had tried to choose her time, but her father and Tor had been so busy lately that she had had to watt, and wait again, till her time was almost gone. After dinner last night she had finally asked and she had come up here to her rooms afterward and had not come out again.Father. Her voice had gone high on her, as it would do when she was afraid. The other women, and the lesser court members, had already left the long hall Arlbeth and Tor and a few of the cousins, Perlith among them, were preparing for another weary evening of discussion on Nyrlols folly. They paused and all of them turned and looked at her, and she wished there were not so many of them. She swallowed. She had decided against asking her father late, in his own rooms, where she could be sure to find him alone, because she was afraid he would only be kind to her and not take her seriously. If she was to be sh amed and she knew, or she told herself she knew, that she would be refused at least let him see how much it meant to her, that she should ask and be refused with others looking on.Arlbeth turned to her with his slow smile, but it was slower and less of it reached his eyes than usual. He did not say, Be quick, I am busy, as he might have done and small blame to him if he had, she thought forlornly.You ride west soon? To treat with Nyrlol? She could feel Tors eyes on her, but she kept her own eyes fixed on her father.Treat? said her father. If we go, we go with an army to witness the treaty. A little of the smile crept into his eyes after all. You are take up courtly language, my dear. Yes, we go to treat with Nyrlol.Tor said We have some hope of catching the mischief-one did not say demon aloud if one could help it and bottling it up, and send it back where it came from. Even now we have that hope. It wont stop the trouble, but it will stop it getting worse. If Nyrlol isnt bein g pricked and pinched by it, he may square up into the subtle and charming Nyrlol we all know and revere. Tors mouth twisted up into a wry smile.She looked at him and her own mouth twitched at the corners. It was like Tor to say her as if she were a real part of the court, even a member of the official deliberations, instead of an interruption and a disturbance. Tor might even have let her go with them he wasnt old enough yet to care so much for his peoples good opinion as Arlbeth did and furthermore, Tor was stubborn. But it was not Tors decision. She turned back to her father.When you go may I come with you? Her voice was little more than a squeak, and she wished she were near a wall or a door she could lean on, instead of in the great empty middle of the dining-hall, with her knees trying to fold up under her like an hour-old foals.The silence went suddenly tight, and the men she faced went severe or Arlbeth did, and those behind him, for she kept her face resolutely away fro m Tor. She thought that she could not bear it if her one loyal friend forsook her too and she had never tried to discover the extent of Tors stubbornness. Then the silence was broken by Perliths high-pitched laughter.Well, and what did you expect from letting her go as she would these last years? Its all very well to have her occupied and out from underfoot, but you should have thought the price you paid to be rid of her might prove a little high. What did you expect when our honored first sola gives her lessons in swordplay and she tears around on that three-legged horse like a peasant boy from the Hills, with never a gainsay but a scold from that old shrew that serves as her maid? Might you not have thought of the reckoning to come? She needed slaps, not encouragement, years ago she needs a few slaps now, I think. Perhaps it is not too late.Enough. Tors voice, a growl.Her legs were trembling now so badly that she had to move her feet, shuffle in her place, to keep the joints lock ed to hold her up. She felt the blood mounting to her face at Perliths words, but she would not let him shoot her away without an answer. Father?Father, mimicked Perlith. Its true a kings daughter might be of some use in facing what the North has sent us a kings daughter who had true royal blood in her veins .Arlbeth, in a very unkinglike manner, reached out and grabbed Tor before anyone found out what the first solas sudden move in Perliths direction might result in. Perlith, you betray the honor of the second solas place in speaking thus.Tor said in a strangled voice, He will apologize, or Ill give him a lesson in swordplay he will not like at all.Tor, dont be a she began, outraged, but the kings voice cut across hers. Perlith, there is justice in the first solas demand.There was a long pause while she hated everyone impartially Tor for behaving like a farmers son whose pet chicken has just been insulted her father, for being so immovably kingly and Perlith for being Perlith. T his was even worse than she had anticipated at this point she would be grateful just for escape, but it was too late.Perlith said at last, I apologize, Aerin-sol. For speaking the truth, he added venomously, and turned on his heel and strode across the hall. At the introduction he paused and turned to shout back at them Go slay a dragon, lady Lady Aerin, Dragon-KillerThe silence resettled itself about them, and she could no semipermanent even raise her eyes to her fathers face.Aerin Arlbeth began.The gentleness of his voice told her all she needed to know, and she turned away and walked toward the other end of the hall, opposite the door which Perlith had taken. She was conscious of the length of the way she had to take because Perlith had taken the shorter way, and she hated him all the more for it she was conscious of all the eyes on her, and conscious of the fact that her legs still trembled, and that the line she walked was not a straight one. Her father did not call her bac k. Neither did Tor. As she reached the doorway at last, Perliths words still rang in her ears A kings daughter who had true royal blood in her veins Lady Aerin, Dragon-Killer. It was as though his words were hunting dogs who tracked her and nipped at her heels.

Applying Economics To Current Events

There argon so many events dismission on in the world today. There is a trapping foodstuff complete, health care reform issue, and companies fighting for pay sick leave from their jobs. There are many more this is just to name a few. The housing market is difference to start booming again for a short time. The health care reform created by Obama leave alone continue to be an issue for a long time, and companies are fighting to get paid sick leave when they are ill. There are so many things that have changed in the world, and it sure is not what it used to be.First, the housing market is starting to come seat to business, but it is taking few time. Between 2002 and 2007, the population of prospective homeowners grew at an average annual rate of 2. 5 million. Over this same time period, the number of households increased by average of 1. 1 million. And to accommodate these newly organize households, homebuilders built an average of 1. 7 million housing units a year (Maxfield, 2013). That is great for both(prenominal) people. When the United States was in the recession, there were many of people that woolly almost everything that they owned.Anyone that is looking to buying a home, or having one built should take careful planning before doing so. People should consider that the United States could go into another recession at any time. Is the psyche going to be sufficient to afford their home? That is the number one question a person should ask themselves. There are many people that try to live outside of their means. Sure it is nice if the person has a good job that is secure. nearly jobs are not securing anymore, especially health care. The health care reform has everyone up in a roar.Some people agree with the reform and others do not. Something has been pulled out of the Affordable Care Act and, It gives states just enough power over insurance marketplaces and the Medicaid expansion to continue the unequal and unfair distribution of state-based companionable services. It allows states to eviscerate Medicaid in ways that dont make sense (Vox, 2013). The states are still going to have control over everything and even more now. In some states, Medicaid pays to save the life of a stroke victim in the hospital, but consequently denies adequate ehabilitation services and devices to prevent that persons ongoing health problems from rapidly placing yet strain on the thin social-service safety net(Vox,2013). Medicaid used to cover everything that a patient would need. There should not be a change in that. There are some people that cannot afford health care coverage on their own. If a person has a job and the confederation offers insurance, then yes a person should take it. The people that take advantage of the system and does not take the offered insurance and stays on Medicaid should be fined. Employers are going to have to start paying for their employees to have insurance.The company must have at least 50 adept-time employ ees to start the obligatory coverage. When a company does not provide the coverage, the company will get fined between $2000. 00 and $3000. 00. There are many of companies that do not have that many employees. What are going to happen to all of the small businesses? Are they going to get shut down? Are they going to get a fine for not having some type of insurance coverage for the employees? There are still un-answered questions and there are people wondering what is going to their jobs when the Affordable Care Act goes into full effect.There are also companies that do not offer paid sick leave. There are many states that have already got the law passed that it is mandatory for employers to offer paid sick leave. There may be some people that would abuse the privilege of having this, and not wanting to offer it. There are still honest people in the world that it could be an advantage to. Many people have families and cannot afford to call-in sick when they have the flu, or another illness. That is where the paid sick leave would come in. Employees coming to work sick could be a bigger risk then not let them have to day off.It could be difficult for some smaller businesses to offer this because of the cost. The restaurant industry could get hit pretty hard because of the administrative costs as well as having to cover peoples shifts that are unable to go to work. The U. S is the only major industrialized nation without a national paid sick-leave policy Some 145 countries provide paid sick days for short- or long-term illnesses. Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Singapore require employers to provide at least 10 paid sick days (Koba, 2013). In Conclusion, the world is not what it used to be.The government is eventually going to control the whole world and nobody will have a say on anything. The housing market is slowly coming back up, but are the people going to be able to get a new home and afford it later down the line? The Uni ted States is not promising that it will not get back into another recession so the person better only hope that they have a safe, secure job. The Affordable Care Act will be completely controlled by the government, and Medicaid patients will not have the coverage they once had. Companies do not offer paid sick leave to the employees, but some states are trying to make it a law.

Fighting Racism in Africa

In September 1984, the segregated townships of the blacks in South Africas Vaal Triangle, around twenty 5 miles away from Johannesburg, were suddenly lit up burned by the fury of resistance. It seemed as though the helplessness felt by the blacks for two years during which their disorder had been controllight-emitting diode had suddenly turned into extreme anger. In any case, it became apparent at the time that the region was ungovern adequate by all means. Moreover, it appeared as though the Soweto disorder of 1976 was being repeated in the history of South Africa (Davis).After all, the blacks had not been able to secure their rights in their own countries during that time. It is ironic that the blacks have had to fight racism in their own countries for a very long time. The African National Congress was established to struggle for their rights. On its website, the African National Congress describes itself gum olibanum The ANC is a home(a) liberation movement. It was formed in 1912 to unite the African people and spearhead the struggle for fundamental political, social and economic change.For nine decades the ANC has led the struggle against racism and oppression, organizing mass resistance, mobilizing the international community and taking up the armed struggle against apartheid. The ANC achieved a decisive democratic breakthrough in the 1994 elections, where it was inclined a firm mandate to negotiate a new democratic Constitution for South Africa. The new Constitution was adopted in 1996. The ANC was re-elected in 1999 to national and provincial government with an increased andate. The policies of the ANC are determined by its membership and its leadership is accountable to the membership. Membership of the ANC is open to all South Africans above the be on of 18 years, irrespective of race, color and creed, who accept its principles, policies and programs (What is the African National Congress). Stephen Davis, in his book, Apartheids Rebels Inside South Africas Hidden War, describes the African National Congress in greater detail.According to the causality, this movement has acted as the chief mobilizing agency of black resistance in South Africa. Furthermore, the unrest experienced by South Africa during the mid-1980s was staged by the African National Congress through a tremendous transformation of the blacks. The unrest was neither unplanned nor was it short-lived. Rather, the main adversary of capital of South Africa the African National Congress had developed it through an ever-widening network of secret cells where blacks were politicized as well as schooled in all manners of confrontation (Davis).Although the African National Congress has played a part in the governance of South Africa, Davis claims that the movement is rather unruly in the sense that it employed secret couriers that slipped across international borders, in addition to insurgents that primed themselves for attacks, including sabotage, against the ir enemies who were understood to be superior in both numbers as well as weaponry. The author also details the relationship between the African National Congress and the South African communist Party an ally.The propaganda of Pretoria had exploited this connection, go the legislators of the unite States had been troubled by the effect that sanctions would have had on this friendship. According to Davis, the South African Communist Party was influential enough in the policymaking process of the African National Congress to be a cause of worry. The surge of new recruits that had been trained in violent rebellion had also given rise to speck within the African National Congress. Oliver Tambo, an exiled leader of the African National Congress, had taken a rather radical position because of this friendship.Nevertheless, Tambo argued that the majority of the blacks would simply balk at the endorsement of Marxist rule if free elections were to take place in South Africa. Hence, Davis believes that the relationship between the South African Communist Party and the African National Congress was merely one of convenience for the latter. The African National Congress enjoyed the assistance of the South African Communist Party in its underground operations. Moreover, the South African Communist Party was known to supply weapons as well as intelligence information from its Russian sponsors to the African National Congress.At the same time, the South African Communist Party acknowledged the importance of the struggle against apartheid that the African National Congress was engaged in. What is more, the South African Communist Party hoped to establish a Marxist society once the African National Congress had won its struggle (Davis). Thus, Davis study describes the struggles, divisions, and weaknesses of the African National Congress, while also dwelling on the successes of the movement. As an example, the African National Congress was able to transform itself at a time when it was almost forgotten.The movement was able to spread its roots far and wide by nurturing alliances with the United Democratic Front, a movement of mass protest, in addition to the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Davis). Undoubtedly, the African National Congress has come a long way. At the same time, however, its history leaves a number of inquirys unanswered for the reader. The main question seems to be the following In a world applauding the power of information and knowledge must we continue to fight against discrimination? Sadly, the answer is, Yes, our world is not civilized enough at this point.

British Virgin Islands and Bermuda

The British thoroughgoing(a) Islands (BIV) and the Bermuda ar British colonies with a high degree of internal self-government. Both countries have been designated as a British Overseas Territory and although they atomic number 18 still technic anyy under British rule, they have exercised control over their consume state affairs. human ecology The Virgin Islands is an archipelago of more than 40 islands, of which 16 are inhabited. It has strong ties with the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico as it is geographically situated in amid these countries.As per the current data in the CIA Factbook, the male-dominated BIV has a population of 23,552 (July 2007 estimate) with nearly two per cent growth rate. Given its history with the US, the prescribed language is English and almost ninety per cent of the population are Protestants. The Virgin Islands has one of the most stable economies in the Caribbean. Some 45 per cent of its income is generated from tourism. In 2005 for example, mor e than 800,000 tourists, mainly from the unify States visited the Islands. It also relies on light industries and offshore financial centers.The Bermuda on the other hand, was first inhabited by English colonist in the early seventeenth century. It belongs to the group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of South Carolina in the US. The Bermuda is a small country, roughly one-third of Washington D. C. Like the Virgin Islands, its official language is English although a significant number of its more than 66,163 (July 2007 estimate) population speaks Portuguese. The major religions are Anglican and Catholic. The Bermuda boasts of the highest per capita income in the world, more than 50 per cent higher(prenominal) than that of the United States.Its primary income generator is their robust international business sector. Government and Politics The Bermuda is the oldest Britains colony. For five years now, it ahs been a free territory of the UK. Bermudans are entitled to enjo y dual citizenship and have the right to live and work in Europe (Sanders, par. 5) The system of government in Bermuda is that of a parliamentary lesson democratic dependency. The official head of state is the Queen of England, Elizabeth II, while the Premier is the head of government.The Queen appoints a Governor to represent her in Bermuda. Bermudas semipolitical framework is very similar to that of the UK. Like most democracies, it has two legislative chambers the House of Assembly and the Senate. Bermuda is independent of the UK in all internal matters and makes its throw set of laws (Forbes, par. 11). British and UK laws do not apply in Bermuda. Bermuda laws are generally more than more restrictive to non-nationals. The Bermuda, however, is dependent on Britain for defense, external affairs and internal security.Like Bermuda, the BIV is also self-governing in most internal matters. According to its amended authorship of 2000, their head of state is also the Queen and her a ppointed governor is in charge of the countrys external affairs, defense, internal security and everyday service. On all other matters except those, the executive council ahs authority. The executive council is headed by the governor, chief minister, an attorney-general and three other ministers. In both the Bermuda and Virgin Islands, the Queen proceeds to be the most important figure.The governor she appoints is also given much value considering the structure of their government and their political framework. Their legislature and executive councils, however, have autonomy to the states internal matters. Independence The issue of independence has been a recurring accede of debate in both countries. In Bermuda, independence has been discussed since the mid-1960s when Britain was anxious to get rid of all its colonies. In 2004, the ruling Progressive Labour party has Created the Bermuda Independence Commission.Its main concern is to educate people about the gains and losses of independence. Despite the arguments for independence, however, opposition on breaking links with Britain has been strong. A November 2006 poll shows that 65 per cent of Bermudans were against breaking ties with Britain (Jones, par. 2). This is 17 per cent lower than the 57 per cent in July of the like year. The issue of independence however is expected to be a major point when Bermuda holds its elections in January 2009. Independence was rejected in a 1995 referendum by 75 per cent voters.The main argument against independence is the fact that Bermuda enjoys a high degree despite its being a British colony. Its economy has been robust. As former Premier Sir John Swan likes to put it, With the Americans to feed us and the British to defend us, who needs independence (Sanders, par. 10). In British Virginia Islands, although there is no formal movement toward full independence, its possibility is a central proceeds of public debate and party politics. Despite self-governance, the Ber muda and Virgin Islands politics is still very much similar to that of its backsheesh country.Bermudas political, as well as social economic institutions have shown resiliency and stability. Despite this, however, its political framework has not fully been independent of Britain. This is because it was Britain who instituted its political system. The Queen and her appointed Governor is an active agent force in the affairs of the state so much so that the Westminster style of government is still very much felt. The same thing applies to the Virgin Islands. Its politics is British in origin and even with a high level of autonomy, the framework of government is still very much like its crown country.Its colonial relationship with the United Kingdom lets it operate in a constitutional democracy with the executive authority vested in the Queen. British influence is all over Bermuda and the Virgin Islands. Their national anthem is both God Save the Queen and the Queens birthday is obser ved as an official public holiday. Their Constitutions are drafted the British way. Branches of government such as the executive and judiciary also demand Britains participation. And although these colonies have been handling internal matters of government by themselves, their external affairs are still Britains problem.Until a significant portion of government is still controlled by Britain, Bermuda and the Virgin Islands will still stop the same political structureone that has its democracy of its own precisely deems considerable interference from the crown country as a must. Anglophone countries Anglophone nations share the same historical, cultural, and political characteristics attri aloneed to the historical experience of the United Kingdom. Generally, it includes territories and former colonies of the UK which have English as the national language.But with its loose definition rooted on history and culture, it may also mean countries which use legal systems based on Common Law or simply Great Britain or British-settled countries. They also share similarities in civil rights and personal freedoms. In short, the Anglosphere is not a club that a person or nation can join or be excluded from, but a condition or status of a network (Bennett, par. 3). However, because of its imprecise boundaries, the Anglosphere as a network civilization does not have its corresponding political form.Its union is based firmly on culture and does not take any political outline. Notice that the forms of government in these English speaking countries are different. Some take the republican form, some are constitutional monarchies, while some are parliamentary democracies. The idea of a Anglosphere government has been subject to debate. The rudimentary argument is that merging these countries and making it like a European Union of sorts would be a great development in the onward progress of English-speaking supremacy.However, others argue that the particular genius in this un ion is the fact that it has remained apolitical and non-governmental. Forging the Anglosphere as one solid government, they say, may only lead to the centralization of power. Anglophone countries handle their government differently. Their link to the atmosphere has not so far affected the way in which they run their politics. The Anglosphere is not a government of its own and it refuses to be. English-speaking countries who have joined the sphere have existing government structures that they chose to pursue despite membership in the union.The so-called anglosphere challenge however has make buzz in the recent years. It is said that these political entities, though loose, is a force to reckon in the time of technological and scientific change provided they remain true to the traits that bonded them together in the first placea strong, independent civil society, adherence to the rule of law, its people and ideas and openness and receptivity to the world. Trinidad and Tobago and Barb ados Unlike the British Virgin Islands and Bermuda, Trinidad and Tobago is completely independent from Britain.It takes the form of a unitary state with a parliamentary democracy modeled after that of its former crown country. In 1976, soon after it broke ties with Britain, it adopted its own republican Constitution. The Queen is thereby replaced with a president elected by the Parliament. Since then, the general control and committal of its government rests on the cabinet, led by the prime minister. Barbados, for its part, gained independence from Britain in November 1966. It subsequently adopted the Westminster parliamentary system of government with a governor-general representing the British monarch.Its 1966 Constitution also provides for a bicameral parliamentary system headed by a prime minister and cabinet. Since breaking ties with Britain, responsibility for organizing the government has been evenly divided between its two major political parties that are both centrist soci al democratic parties that date its roots back to the British labor movement. The main struggle between the overseas territories (Bermuda and Virgin Islands) and the two former colonies (Trinidad & Tobago and Barbados) is the extent to which Britain interferes with their affairs of government.Former colonies may have chosen to adopt British influence in its political structure but it is completely in control of both its internal and external affairs. The overseas territories, on the other hand, may have been granted self-governance but it does not have total control of its government, especially its defense and external affairs of government. Works Cited Bennet, James. Orphans of the Anglosphere. Albions Seedlings. (21 November 2005). 09 September 2007. http//anglosphere. com/weblog/archives/000145. html. Forbes, Keith.Bermuda and Great Britain A self-governing British Overseas Territory with its own laws. Bermuda online. 09 September 2007. . Jones, Dan. Poll finds opposition to Independence rises. The Royal Gazette Magazine. (28 November 2006). 09 September 2007. . Sanders, Ronald. Bermuda Independence or not? Caribbean benefit News. (08 March 2005). 9 September 2007. .

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children Essay

Abstract denounce Traumatic underscore discommode affects not only adults but similarly youngsterren. in that respect be four major ways by which woundtic events may affect the psychological state of electric shaverren cognitively, emotively, portally and psychosomatically. There are questions as to the adequateness of the instrumentation used in determining and measuring of the disorder. Studies also show that the fear experienced by adults in seeing signs of aggression in children may be affecting adversely affecting the accomplishable therapeutic benefits of normal childs play and physical activity. There may be a need for programs specifically geared toward educating parents and primary care givers of children suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder in how to handle and deal with the childs disorder and psychological needs.Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children as a Result of Violence, Crime and WarIt is not unusual for most adults, particularly those who are parents, to appreciation poisonous things away from children. As much as possible, childhood should remain a magazine of innocence and joy without the responsibility or care for matters that dogfight the world. But what if it just fecesnot be avoided and bad things happen to children? In the subsequentlymath of unhappy events, how do children display trauma and what are the things that battalion should know in dealing with children suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder? For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left skunk families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly affected by the attacks have grown to suffer knowings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial safety (Smith & Reyn greys, 2002).Besides the inevitable feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic deaths their loved ones expe rienced as well as the stress and obstacle of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also important to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer & Hutchins, 2000, p. 41)The ubiquity of television also afforded children at legal residence not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence.The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the orbit (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leavinghome and getting killed by bad men. He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one. Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a story he heard of how people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators. (Smith & Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly inv olved or affected in the terror attack.The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very(prenominal) high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Associations setting up of counseling services focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith & Reynolds, 2002).What is PTSD? Originally associated with survivors and veterans of the Vietnam War, PTSD refers to an impairment of an individuals capability to function in everyday following exposure or experience of an exceptionally disturbing event. Besides war, this has grown to cover the ill mental and emotional effects of natural and civilian catastrophes, criminal assault, rape, terrorist attacks and accidents. (Murray, 1992, p. 315)The DSM IV presents a more broadened definition of traumatic exposure as the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physi cal integrity of self or other(a)s, and which evoked intense fear, helplessness, or horror (Mcnally, 2003).This broadened definition also qualifies extreme horror at what other peoples experience or events outside their environment as possible causes of PTSD.Symptoms of PTSD include vivid and morbid imagery, numbing, disruptions in thoughts and cognition, decelerate response and reaction, strong feelings of anxiety, persistence of nightmares and difficulties in dealing with and solving problems. (Foa & Meadows, 1997)Saylor and Swenson, et.al state that before the late 80s at that place was minimal attention habituated to how children were affected by traumatic events. It took two powerful hurricanes, one devastating earthquake and the bombing of the Oklahoma Center before it was realized that there were very microscopic preparedness in ministering to the psychological needs of traumatized children (Saylor, Swenson, Reynolds & Taylor, 1999, p. 70).In 1999, psychologist Barbara L owenthal pegged the number of children in America being exposed to traumatic events each year at four million. These traumatic events include physical, sexual and emotional abuse neglect accidents severe injuries and natural disasters. Lowenthal also says that these children are at a high riskiness of suffering from PTSD and may cause them to be prone to developing phobias and other neuro-psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression (Lowenthal, 1999).The National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (NCPTSD, 2001) reports that there is a higher likelihood of psychological symptoms associated with PTSD to be found among children who have experienced traumatic events before the age of 11 compared to those who suffer trauma at later ages. (Alat, 2002)Lowenthal also says that besides the general symptoms of PTSD, children who have suffered trauma are likely to develop difficulties in forming relationships, cognition and learning, as well as a numbing that may make affecte d children experience difficulty in understanding and expressing their feelings in addition to regulating their emotions. This often leads to provocative behaviors and shunning of intimacy. (Lowenthal, 1999).In his article in the daybook of Multi-cultural advocate and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar studied the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian migr Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war mingled with Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. Stephen remembers witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines and be trained in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two old age wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of privation and war atrocities.Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment. The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound experience of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including hiding in a basement and eating rats especially when angry. He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes the Middle East should be wiped off the looking of the Earth (Roysircar, 2004). This kind of behavior can very well be tempered as expected according to an study published in the Australian Journal of archeozoic Childhood in 2000. The researchers posit that in war-torn times, chil dren are forced to adjust out of necessity for survival. This experience develops the idea of a dangerous world where no one can be trusted and therefore prompts children to be the aggressor rather than the victim (Sims, Hayden, Palmer & Hutchins, 2000, p. 41).According to Vazquez there are many conditions that fit the general description of PTSD. There are however differences in depth, complexity and intensity that require appropriate and often differing treatments (Vazquez, 2005).In Stephens case, the therapy method that worked for him involved deep self-reflection and existential therapy sessions with his counselor where he was able to idle up and tell stories of his experiences and thoughts of his past and present, and dreams for the future (Roysircar, 2004).Effects and Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress DisorderIt is important to remember that not every child who is exposed to or experiences trauma develops PTSD. Since the 1980s there has been marked growth in the development of instrumentation in the measurement and treatment of PTSD in children. These assessment methods designed for children of different age groups include structured interviews, questionnaires, self-report scales, inventories, and psychophysiological evaluation (Alat, 2002)There are four major ways by which PTSD can affect children cognitively,affectively, behavioral and physiological-somatically (Lowenthal, 1999 Alat, 2002).Cognitively, children experience fear at a possible repetition of the traumatic event. Some may even feel responsible for the traumatic events occurrence. There may also be confusion, academic and developmental problems, lowered IQ and diminished abilities in language and communication.In its affective effects, children with PTSD be uprise emotionally fragile and are given to fits of outburst and anger. They develop low thresholds for stress and fear. They become nervous, compulsive and often feel a sense of futility.Behaviors can also become extreme. Affected ch ildren may become either very loud or very shy. It is not unusual for children to retrovert to juvenile behavior such as thumb sucking or regression in academic knowledge. They may also develop self-destructive behavior and become vulnerable to alcohol, drugs, and self-abuse.Children may also manifest PTSD in the form of physical sickness such as high temperatures, vomiting and headaches(Alat, 2002). There may also be instances of sleep and eating disorders, fatigue and biochemical alterations in the brain (Alat, 2002)Family members and teachers generally notice these symptoms first. At this time, it is important that both come together and develop ways of supporting the affected child. A school counselor may be able to help evaluate whether a child indeed has PTSD or not.Therapy with a professionally trained psychiatrist, psychologist, counselor or therapist is the treatment for persons diagnosed with PTSD. The methods employed however, may vary according to the malignity of the disorder as may be observed in the individual.Majority of the suggested therapies that parents and educators are encouraged to employ with children suffering from PTSD are physical and social expression/reflection through group and one-on one interaction as well as play based therapies (Alat, 2002). This particular therapy however has encountered difficulties particularly after the 9/11 attacks and the idea that aggression addressed in the earlier stages will stave off future violent behavior.For example, a child who builds a tower of blocks and flies an airplane into them may be viewed as at-risk for future violence. This childs behavior, in fact, may be a healthy and developmentally appropriate way to gain mastery over the childs fears, anger, and confusion about Sept. 11.Smith and Reynolds (2002) decry this repression of a childs possible venting or anger and state that instead of suppressing the aggression manifested by children at play, parents and educators should let childre n be within certain limits. As long as children do not cause harm to themselves, others or objects within their surroundings, it is best that they be allowed to express their anger and whatever negative feelings they have in a therapeutic manner. (Smith & Reynolds, 2002)Conclusion The researcher observes that while there is an acceptance and awareness of the existence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among children, there still come along to be a lot of confusion as to what are the indicators of such disorder as well as the methods by which it should be addressed and treated. duration Lowenthal (1999), Alat (2002) and other psychologists have managed to simplify such symptoms in four main categories, it is also stated in most studies that childhood trauma does not ineluctably result in PTSD. There is still a question as to how the average lay person may be able to distinguish in the midst of delayed PTSD and natural defiance and common anxiety.The researcher also noticed that se veral of the symptoms listed in determining PTSD can also be found listed as symptoms of other psychological disorders in the DSM IV. The only difference is that with PTSD, there is a requisite traumatic event that is supposed to act as a trigger for the disorder.Smith and Reynolds (2002) make a valid point as to how adult paranoia of events that could possibly happen could seriously hinder the coping utensil of children and therefore cause more harm than good. Logic dictates that feelings left unexpressed often come out one way or another.Alat also makes a good suggestion in encouraging teachers /educators to help children express their feelings in group discussions. As adults benefit largely in group therapy, there is no reason why children should not be able to do the same.Recommendations Despite its many advancements in instrumentation and awareness, there are still many colorize areas in how people can support and help children suffering PTSD. The researcher recommends that f urther studies be done with the objective of clarifying and further distinguishing PTSD symptoms from other psychological disorders so that those affected may receive the appropriate treatment. The researcher further recommends that programs designed to educate teachers, primary care givers and parents in the impact of PTSD on children as well as the many ways they can help support the childs treatment. Most of the childs time is spent with family and school. It may perhaps speed up progress of therapy is extended beyond the time they spend with their clinical therapists. There is the observation that adults may feel fear at what they perceive to be early signs of violence and aggression. The very fact that this sort of thinking exists stands as proof that attention to educating the people in a childs environment with regard to what is natural and not in childrens behavioral patterns must be emphasized. Constant communication between parents and other people their children interact with particularly in the period following a traumatic event may also be helpful in gauging any effects the vent may have had. Children exhibiting changes in behavior must also be carefully observed. As in the case of little Johnny who suddenly developed a fear of elevators, there may just be something behind the changes in a childs behavior. Forcing them to face fears without completely understanding the root of these fears may only cause irreparable damage. These are just a few things that psychologists and behaviorists must educate parents and the other people in close contact with a child possibly suffering from post traumatic stress disorder in.ReferencesAlat, K. (2002). Traumatic Events and Children How Early Childhood Educators potful Help. Childhood Education, 79(1), 2+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002498529Foa, E., & Meadows, E. (1997). Psychosocial Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A Critical Review. 449 +. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000413895Lowenthal, B. (1999). Effects of Maltreatment and ship canal to Promote Childrens Resiliency. Childhood Education, 75(4), 204+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002315362Mcnally, R. J. (2003). Progress and Controversy in the Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. 229+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002051892Murray, J. B. (1992). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A Review. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 118(3), 315-338. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96430362Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5012181947Saylor, C. F., Swenson, C. C., R eynolds, S. S., & Taylor, M. (1999). The Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale a Brief Screening Measure for Young Children Exposed to Traumatic Events. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1), 70-81. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=81021655Sims, M., Hayden, J., Palmer, G., & Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001127890Smith, S., & Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002560442Vazquez, S. R. (2005). A New Paradigm for PTSD Treatment Emotional Transformation Therapy. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8(2), 18+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5011704316