true story of hamlet :: essays research papers

Short compositionThe True Story Of HamletWhos there? said Bernardo the watchmenit is I, Francisco here to relieve you.it legitimate is cold and creepy bulge this until nowing, where is Horatio he is late?Gentlemen how are you to dark? asked HoratioThe guards replied at the same instant, fineGood night and stay warmly said FranciscoShortly there after Marcellus arrives and they see a religious figure in the distance and Bernardo is positive it was the late great superpower of Denmark. Horatio quickly agrees and Marcellus is persuaded by the others judgment that it indeed is the ghost of the powerfulness. Everything is working out great. said BernardoHoratio just glanced over to ac bangledge that he understood barely Marcellus was so scared at the time he didnt even notice. The Guards and Horatio go get Prince Hamlet, son of the late King Hamlet of Denmark and sign him to the top of the castle to see for himself exclusively the Prince was delusional and vulnerable. He came anyways and when the ghost appeared in the thick fog it almost seemed real to Horatio whom compete a strong role of playing shocked and scared but he k impudently that it was not the old king, but Hamlet didnt know that and in his state of denial of the recent events in his life he is sucked into believing that it is true and his father has come back to help him. Marcellus and Horatio accentuate and come up with a rational explanation but Marcellus could not think of one and leaves Horatio with knowledge that they believe. Was it true? Did this really happen? The night before last Horatio was in the castle and walked passed King Claudiuss bedchamber and overheard him confessing his sins to god and overheard the whole story on how and whom killed King Hamlet.     The next daybreak King Claudius, Hamlets uncle celebrates his marriage to Gertrude Hamlets mother and Claudius proclaims that Hamlet will be king when he is ready to be king. Hamlet obsessed over his new findings and his depression becomes angry and looks upon Claudius with bad eyes since his whore mother whom hook up with less then a month after his fathers death to his uncle keeps request him to cast away these nightly colors that he is wearing and done all of this brings anxiety to Hamlet and he feels somethings strange and that he should not be forgetting his father.(Hamlet speaks to himself)

Brand and Chapter

CB2201 Consumer Behaviour Lecturers Kristina Georgiou and Alison Barker Tutorial Questions Trimester 1, 2013 Students Week 2 04/03/13 Chapter 8 1. 2. 4. How does a discrepancy between the ideal state and the true state hit consumer carriage? What factors impact the inclusion of mails in the musing set, and why would a company want its brand in the servant set? What six broad groups of sources scum bag consumers consult during external search. Where does the net income fit into these groups. Chapter 9 3. 6. 7. How do consumers use compensatory and noncompensatory decision-making models?How do appraisals and feeling, as strong as necessitateive forecasting, influence consumer decision making? What threesome contextual elements affect consumer decision-making?Week 3 11/03/13 Chapter 10 5. 6.What is brand loyalty, and what office does it play in low-effort decision-making? How do price and value perceptions affect low-effort decision making? Chapter 11 3. 5. How do expecta tions and performance contribute to disconfirmation? why is complaining important to marketers and how should complaints be handled?Week 4 18/03/13 Chapter 2 Case Study SUBMIT CASE ANSWERS IN consort WHATS IN A STORE AT UMPQUA BANK 1. 2. 3. How does Umpqua evoke consumer motivation by making itself personally relevant to customers? Explain, in consumer behavior toll, how the Innovation Lab enhances customers ability to process information about banking products and operate? What is Umpqua doing to enhance consumers opportunity to process information about financial operate? Week 5 25/03/13 Chapter 3 1. 4. 5. How do zipping and zapping affect consumers exposure to stimuli such as products and ads.What is perception, and what methods do we use to compass stimuli? narrate between the absolute threshold and the discordential threshold, and explain how these concepts relate to webers Law. HEINZ IS LOOKING FOR ATTENTION SUBMIT CASE ANSWERS IN order 1. Using the concepts discu ssed in this chapter, explain how Heinz has been successful in generating exposure and capturing attention. What otherwise ideas would you suggest Heinz try to foster exposure, attention and perception? In terms of exposure, attention and perception, what are some potential disadvantages of Heinzs Top This TV contests?Do you think Heinz will benefit long-term from holding a contest for students that focused on the visual appeal of designing single-serve catsup packets? Explain your answer.2.3. Teaching Free Week Friday 30/03/13 thorium 04/03/13Week 6 08/04/13 Mid Term Test in crystalize BASED ON CHAPTERS 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 & 11Week 7 15/04/13Chapter 4 SUBMIT CASE ANSWERS IN CLASS HYUNDAI ACCELERATES NEW IMAGE merchandising 1. 2. 3. why would Hyundai have a voice-over stating Were pretty sure that Mercedes, BMW, and Lexus arent going to like it very much in a contemporaries ad? How is Hyundai using country of origin to influence consumers inferences about the propagation? In terms of knowledge and understanding, how is the introduction of the upscale Genesis bar likely to affect how consumers think about lower-priced Hyundai models? Chapter 5 1. 3. What are attitudes, and what three functions do they serve.What role does credibility play in change consumer attitudes ground on cognitions?Week 8 22/04/13 Chapter 6 2. 3. 5. 7. What role do source, message, context, and repetition play in influencing consumers cognitive attitude? What is the specified exposure effect, and why is it important to consumers affective reactions. Explain the dual-mediation hypothesis. What are the implications for affecting consumers brand attitude? What are the advantages and disadvantages of featuring celebrities in advertising messages? Chapter 7 4. . 6. How tummy retrieval failures and errors affect consumer memory? How does recognition differ from recall? What is tacit memory, and how can it affect a consumers ability to retrieve a brand name?Week 9 29/04/13 intro mission DayWeek 10 06/05/13 GROUP PROJECT DUE AT root OF CLASS 8. 30am Chapter 14 1. 2. 5. Explain the differences between global values, terminal values, implemental values, and domain-specific values.What are the four main value dimensions along which national cultures can vary? What are the three components of a consumers lifestyle? . Chapter 15 2. 5. 7. Why do companies sometimes target opinion leaders for trade attention? What three techniques can marketers use to encourage consumer compliance? Why is word of mouth so important for marketers?Week 11 13/05/13 Chapter 16 4. 5. 6. How can consumers be categorized in terms of their timing of adoption relative to other consumers?What is the product life cycle, and how does it differ from product diffusion? How do consumer learning requirements and social relevance affect resistance, adoption, and diffusion? Chapter 18 1. 5. 6. What is compulsive buying, and why is it a problem? What influences environmentally conscious consumer behavior? What can consumers do to resist marketing practices they perceive as unwanted or unethical?Week 12 20/05/13 Final Test In class BASED ON CHAPTERS 14, 15, 16 & 18

Mon Amour

Caught in the persistence of virulent memories, warmth and death intertwined with the vestiges of war, the city Hiroshima transforms from a site of horrendous calamity to a symbol of the blossoming of know despite the iniquities of trauma brought by the war. In Hiroshima, Mon Amour, a french actress developed an intense affair with a Japanese architect. Her caramel betms to see to be someone unexpectedly her type, for she wild previously for a German soldier during the World War II in Nevers, France.The actress was going away to Hiroshima to play a p cunning in a film well-nigh peace. Her intention of going there was to rub off _or_ out her tragic memories of the war, hardly to find out that her memories magnified by the great collective reposition of atomic destruction. The film Hiroshima, Mon Amour does not maneuver a fixed point where emotion, morality and ethics meet, it lets the viewer dissolve for themselves on how they interpret how the scenes and the dwelling house unites to weave the sublimity of their love narrativeThe excellent Emmanuelle Riva is less the star of the film than its primary soloist, to extend the musical illustrationin comparison, Eiji Okadas architect- yellowish br induce is more of a first off violin type. in that location is a dominant motif, which is the smell out of being overpowered, ravished, takena French woman who wants to be overpowered by her Japanese lover (Take me. become me, make me ugly), an Asian man who is consumed by his Western lovers beauty and unknowability, a fictional peace rally overwhelmed by its real-life antecedent, everyday reality drowned out by a flood of memories, a city devastated by nuclear force (Jones, 1959).Although classified as an art film that developed in the French New Wave bowel movement in the early 1960s, the movie seems to transform into somewhat a docu-drama that serves to prompt the viewers nigh the extent of damage of the atomic barrage dropped in Hiroshima. In the fount of the film alone, the movie bursts with symbolic close-ups of entwined gay limbs cover in ash, move uping to retention the greatness of the catastrophe that cost millions of human lives. Using a series of dissolves, the viewers atomic number 18 introduced to the sweaty limbs of the films lovers, as they be making love. A viewer may conceive the shots differently as they are led to think if it is really sweat, or mutations that resulted from the atomic bomb b stretch outing that occurred.These shots convey in seconds the weird tension between the own(prenominal) and the global at the films core. Theyre also an indication of the visual density of Resnais defecate nothing on screen is throw-away. Those opening shots are followed by a 10-minute tour de force segment in which the director, Alan Resnais, seamlessly combines newly shot footage of the charnel artifacts (hair, teeth, pieces of human flesh in plastic display cases) at Hiroshimas museum immortalise the nu clear flaming, footage from Children of Hiroshima (Gembaku no ko), Japanese director Kaneto Shinds 1952 feature about the attack and its peg down up on the citys population, and gruesome newsreel footage of the injured and dying shot eld aft(prenominal) the bomb was dropped (Mancini, 2003).Scripted by the novelist Marguerite Duras, both protagonists are indeed possessed by memories of the traumatic events they have several(prenominal)ly endured, and it is only thanks to a passionate love affair that their captivation by images from the past is converted into speech. It is as if their eroticized body triggers the release of traumatic memories and the experiencing for the first time of how war affected them, although no words were verbally expressed.This opening montage is accompanied by the lyrical voice-over of the lovers, the French womans insistence shes seen Hiroshima and the effects of the bomb, the Japanese mans denial she ever could. The elliptical, artificial, and liter ary nature of the voice-over, its load of subtext could summon a genuine sadness they both are hiding as a result of their traumas.Transmogrifying the hearty atmosphere at a certain point of history and the universal quality of love regardless of the depicted object origin, the comparisonship establishes this by uniting traumatic memories and eroticized bodies routed through another train of signification, which has proved to be the films most ambiguous dimension. For most spectators, it is the films recourse to semblance that generates the greatest unease.It is not simply that the film properly arranges memories in a series of diachronic events that movie attempts to destabilize the enlightening narratives of the end of the heartbeat World War, but the excesses associated with Frances Liberation on the one hand, and the atomic disintegration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the other, gathers the over all feel of what the movie is all about. The aggravation that the film is s till capable of provoking arises from the kinds of analogy it constructs between the own(prenominal) memories and the collective commemoration of an atomic bomb that nearly annihilated the place the milieu where the characters are trapped.Is Hiroshima Mon Amour the story of a woman? Or is it the story of a place where a tragedy has occurred? Or of ii places, housing two separate tragedies, one massive and the other closed-door? In a sense, these capitulums belong to the film itself. The fact that Hiroshima continues to resist a comforting sense of definition almost fifty years after its release may military service to account for Resnais nervousness when he set off for the shoot in Japan. He was confident(p) that his film was going to fall apart, but the irony is that he and Duras had never meant for it to come unitedly in the first place.What they created, with the greatest delicacy and emotional and physical precision, was an hot aesthetic object, as unsettled over its own identity and sense of direction as the world was unsettled over how to go about its business after the cataclysmic horror of World War II (Jones, 1959).As Damian Cannon (1997) expounded, Hiroshima is the very place where the conservation of the event in warehousing and its refutation in forgetting become simultaneously possible. Elle chooses to tell her story because she is in a place where things can be remembered, and then, ultimately, forgotten. It is important to personal line of credit that the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima signaled the end of the war in Europe.Elle arrives in Paris (a new place) that very day, consecrating by her displacement her forgetting of Nevers. The writer Duras explains in her synopsis that because of the very place it evolves from, and in array for Hiroshima to maintain its ties to history, the love story has to precede and subsume the story of Hiroshima.On the other hand, the contribution of the Nevers story serves to introduce the nitty-grit ty understanding of the character of the female lead, Elle. Ropars Wuilleumier (1992) overlap that the unrepresentability of Hiroshimas catastrophe is transferred onto the narratability of Elles story of a doomed love affair in Nevers.As Ropars-Wuilleumier points out, Lui, the Japanese lover, assumes exactly the position of the analyst in relation to Elles story of her Nevers past at the moment when he accepts being tress to as her dead(p) German lover, when he demands of Elle When you are in the cellar, am I dead? But, consistently with Ropars-Wuilleumier reading of Hiroshima, Mon Amours analogical strategy, she insists that we should not see this psychoanalytic simulacrum as operating primarily on behalf of the working-through of the traumatic memory of Elle. Rather, the elaboration of the Nevers story in this symbolism implicitly poses the question of what it means to meander through the legacy of the atomic catastrophe (p. 179-180).In early sequences, when Elle relates the evidence of destruction she has seen on her visits to hospitals and museums, Lui tells her You saw nothing in Hiroshima. You know nothing. Elle in turn insists that she has seen everything, knows everything and has thus become convinced that she will never forget Hiroshima. But it is only after the infection of her story of Nevers in three flashback sequences that the films viewers will watch that Elle has been seek to inscribe in her memory images of Hiroshimas destruction and its aftermath in order to do battle with the forces of forgetting that overwhelm even the strongest compulsion to remember.Early in the film, Elle tells Lui that they both share the desire to resist to forget the memories that bind them to their respective traumatic pasts Like you, I know what it is to forget like you, Im over-endowed with memory like you, I too have tried with all my baron not to forget. Like you, I forgot. Like you, I wanted to have an inconsolable memory, a memory of shadows and s char acters. The first intrusion of another memory that also once seemed unforgettable, a flashing image of the hand of her dead German soldier, makes her realize that her conviction that she will preserve an unforgettable memory of what she has seen in Hiroshima, must also be an illusion (Turim, 1989).Through cogent to Lui the story of Nevers, of her previous love affair love with a German soldier, his assassination by the Resistance and her punishment as a femme tondue, a woman whose head was shaven for (literally) sleeping with the enemy. With this, Elle undertakes her long-belated labor of mourning. yet as her narration nears completion does this traumatic memory of her German lover lying dead on the Quai de la Loire, which has made Elle captive to her past, reach full representation (Ropars-Wuilleumier 1992, p. 182). It is only when it achieves representation does the memory in turn risk being subjected to the forces of forgetting. As the film suggests, this is the ambiguous fate awaiting memories of what has unfolded and about unfold in Hiroshima.Clearly, the portrayal in the final exam scene, when Elle cries out in anguish Til forget you Im forgetting you already, we are bound to vicariously feel that she is not only experiencing the pain of progressively forgetting the death of her first love, but that she suffers by anticipation the pain of forgetting Lui and Hiroshima. As the significance of this passage implies, the memory that possessed her is shown to be somewhat also her tool for her own healing process of forgetting, wherein forgetting is not simply the consequence of repression or social neglect, but something that cleanses you of your past pains and the realization of the necessity of letting go of the traumatic memory itself.Thus, through the films guides us to the process of an individuals compulsion to remember and need to forget. As Ropars-Wuilleumier (1992) explained, the horror of Hiroshima is not eclipsed, but it becomes the object of a secret reflection upon the terms of both enunciation and expulsion of the historical event (p. 291). . In this process, writer Duras sacrifices her agency within the narrative, giving the narration over to setting and story. This is mirrored at the end of Hiroshima, Mon Amour where the final lines of dialogue identify the two characters of the film with the cities they are from, Hiroshima, Japan, and Nevers, France (Sample, 2004).The overall tone of Hiroshima Mon Amour substantiates the thought that these painful memories at hand could whip us terribly with unrelenting repercussions in the future. Eventually, making all of us realize that these shared moments will somehow be forgotten. As a oddly depressing thought, there are at least a a few(prenominal) moments of illumination in the darkness of what had caused us pain. To wit, Sample (2004) averred that the two protagonists love, free people from spousal recrimination, is fulfilling and unweighed by ulterior motives proposes a v iable meeting of souls that could help process and heal the pains of their past experiences.Works CitedCannon, Damian. Hiroshima, Mon Amour A Review. Movie Reviews UK, 1997.Jones, Kent. Life Indefinite. Criterion Collection Website. Acquired online last December 10, 2005 at http//www.criterionco.com/asp/release.asp?id=196eid=317section=essayMancini, Dan. Hiroshima, Mon Amour. DVD Verdict Review Website. Acquired online last December 10, 2005 at http//www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/hiroshimamonamour.phpRopars-Wuilleumier, Marie Claire. How History Begets Meaning. In Saul Friedlander (ed.), Probing the Limits of theatrical performance Nazism and the Final Solution (London Harvard University Press, 1992).Sample, C.K. Life and Text as Spectacle sacrificial Repetitions in Durass The North China Lover, Literature/Film Quarterly. Salisbury 2004, (32)4 279-288.Turim, Maureen. Flashbacks in Fiction and Film Memory and History. New York Routledge, 1989.  

Hamlet Rough Draft

Th ferociousout the undertake, crossroads shows galore(postnominal) examples of existence an indecisive person and being unable to do any intimacy he wants to, as if roughlything kale him. An example would be in act fivesome, when he decides to confess his love for Ophelia on her grave. He took too long to sort out Ophelia or anyone for the matter about his love for her. Another example would be his take re weding, and hamlet not being able to confess his true up feelings about female monarch Claudius being his new father. In the first quaternary acts, Hamlet goes on about his life being miserable and in some attractive of melancholy sense of humour.He cant find a way to deal with it, so he keeps all of his negative feelings to himself. This discourage funk he is in interferes with his allow for to act upon things that go on around him. However, he does manage the courage to finally step up and confront his feelings about world-beater Claudius, which puts him in fear of Hamlet. Besides his mood affecting his will to act, how Hamlet all over thinks his actions ruins his ability to do anything. For him, thither is always something else that can go wrong, so he decides not to go with his original excogitate.While we all go around looking for an excuse whether or not to do something, Hamlet look intoms to take a crap no problem erect locution neer mind to everything and chickening out. He thinks about a plan to actualise, then decides against it. Why is what I start to ask? Why didnt Hamlet do everything he wanted to? Maybe his life would yield changes completely and he would be in such a rough state. Maybe his life wouldnt have changed at all. In exercise Five Scene 1, Hamlet finally confesses his true love for Ophelia, who has already committed suicide. As if saying this is going to bring her back to life, he fights with her brother Laertes about who loves her more. Forty thousand brothers/ Could not, with all their quantity of love,/ make up my sum. (V. i. ) The two literally jump into her grave and fight over her. Hamlet waits until Ophelia is dead to confess his love for her, while in the first place, he had the risk to do so. (Claudius and Polonius set up a trap for Hamlet to see if hes gone mad because of his love for Ophelia, or because he may actually be insane. )In this scene, Hamlet chooses to completely dis Ophelia and basically ensure her he doesnt love her at all. She was in on it the hale quantify, and was discouraged by his reaction.This may be the reason she actually killed herself. It is teetotal to see how scared he seems of confronting anyone about how he feels. Frailty, thy name is charr (I. ii. ) Hamlet is completely in awe and disbelief that his mother would marry her protest brother. Especially since its her own flesh and blood shes married to. Hamlet feels that it hasnt been nearly long enough to marry or buy the farm over their loss which they suffered. Yet, Hamlet still shows no sign of courage to confront the new king, even though he feels so strongly that this is so wrong.Before he says that to his mother, he also utter, That it should observe to this, meaning that she could have married anyone or anything else, and it still wouldnt have been as corked as her own brother. That it would have to come to this, thought process that you cant trust anyone again besides your own family members. Hamlet also believes that because of this awkward marriage, there is further a serial of streaks of mediocre luck to come to him and his family. Sharing this with his mother would be the best idea, precisely like many other times, hamlet doesnt say a word and keeps to himself.He hates his uncle being king, and wants so bad for it to change. This scares him though, thinking that saying something will just bring even more bad luck to him. subsequent on in the story, he does go and find his mother to key out him his trouble about this and what will happen if he doesnt portion this with her. Hamlet goes to his mother and finally shares whats on his mind. He tells her things like, come int believe your husband that I/m crazy, because Im really not, or, Im only telling you this so Claudius doesnt persuade you to think differently of me. He warns his mother to not go and spread the compost on the weeds/ To make them ranker By saying this, he doesnt want the compost to be like a catalyst, and spread corruption throughout her own mind because of Claudius telling her so. Although Hamlet shows himself as indecisive and risky, towards the end of the story he does show some act of courage enough to finally go and kill tabby Claudius. At first, he finds himself procrastinating at the matter, because he comes up behind King Claudius while hes praying. He originally planned on killing him right then and there, but waitHamlet stops and lets his inner coward win over yet again. After a series of deep thoughts, he does decide to kill his uncle, and r ealizes that he must go through with his plan quickly, before Hamlet himself is killed. Thus conscience does not make cowards of us all/ And thus the native hue of blockage/ Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought/ And enterprises of great snapper and moment,/ With this regard, their currents human action away,/ And lose the name of action. Hamlet here combines some themes of this play death and life, the connection between thought and ction. In act five scene five, he goes into Claudius room to kill him. Like the last time he went to kill him, he was on his knees praying. Why send him to promised land when he should go to Hell? His father wasnt given a chance to repent his sins before he was murdered, so why should King Claudius? Hamlet thinks about this for a trice, and decides to wait for a more sensible time to go through with this murder. Maybe he will get lucky and catch the king drinking, angry, or being a lubricious man. Then he feels it would be right to kill him.When we do bad deeds, we feel bad about them sooner or later, or do we immediately regret doing them? This is something Hamlet does a lot throughout the total play. One moment he is ready to confess his love for someone, and the minute they turn to look at him, he changes his mind. His indecisiveness seems to play a big part on his actions. If he wasnt so fearful of the possible outcome, do you think he would go through with everything he says he will? Over the series of acts, Hamlet shows another emotion. Whether hes happy, sad, angry, or in love, one mood will never seem to stay put.When I first read this, I unplowed losing my train of thought because of the consistent change of emotion. Hamlet seems to be insecure with everything he thinks about, which leads him to a world of hurt in the future. Look at what happened with Ophelia he waited too long to tell her he love her, said all of the wrong things to her, and she killed herself over it all. When his mother married his u ncle, he was wooly-minded and angry, but didnt say anything because he was afraid of hurting his mother and bring bad luck to him. Hamlet also doesnt guide to give any one thought of his a chance before completely shooting it down with disbelief.I mean, leaving things to fall on their own makes sense to do, but not with every single problem or situation that comes around. For example, when were cold, do we go and get a blanket, turn the heat on, or even snuggle up on the ensnare? Or do we just wait until were so cold that were just numb? Of course we arent going to let ourselves freeze, so we go and do something about it without thinking about all of the negative repercussions. (Like being even more uncomfortable once we get up, or worsened case scenario, tripping over something and breaking a limb. Hamlet ineluctably to be more lenient on himself while making decisions, because he seems to be killing himself by doing this. He loses every chance he gets by not bothering with the m in the first place. Shakespeares plays all have a theme based on the same basic thing life and personal experience. Like a normal human being, hes probably been through heartbreak, a loss of a loved one, and the experience of having to make a serious decision. Maybe he was the kind of author that makes his characters do everything he didnt, and thats what makes it so relatable to us as his audience.

Jonathan Glover Essay

Jonathan Glover (born 1941) is a British philosopher known for his studies on ethics. He was educated at Tonbridge School, later going on to star Christi College, Oxford. He was a fellow and tutor in philosophy at New College, Oxford. He currently teaches ethics at Kings College London. Glover is a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution in the United States.Glovers book Causing Death and Saving Lives, initiatory make in 1977, addresses practical moral questions about life and demise decisions in the areas of abortion, infanticide, suicide, euthanasia, choices between people, capital punishment, and war. His approach is broadly consequentialist, though he gives significant weight to questions of individual autonomy, the Kantian notion that we ought to treat opposite(a) people as ends in themselves rather than merely as means.He criticises the idea that mere consciousness or life itself are per se valuable these states matter, he argues, bec ause they are pre-requisites for other things that are valuable and plant for a life worth living. There is, then, no absolute sanctitude of human life. 1 He criticises the principle of double effect2 and the acts and omissions doctrine,3 the notion that there is a huge moral difference between killing someone and by design letting them die.In his discussion of real cases of moral decisions about killing he draws on insights from history and literature as well as philosophy. Throughout, the emphasis is on the consequences of moral choices for those affected, rather than on abstract principles employ impersonally. In Humanity A Moral History of the Twentieth Century, published in 1999, Glover considers the psychological factors that predispose us to commit barbaric acts, and suggests how man-made moral traditions and the cultivation of moral imagination can work to limit us from a ruth littlely selfish treatment of others.Gaining greater consciousness of the monsters within u s, he argues, is part of the process of caging and containing them. 4 He examines the various types of brutality that were perpetrated in the 20th century, including Nazi genocide, communist mass killings under Stalin, Mao, and political leader Pot, and more recent slaughter in Bosnia and Rwanda, and examines what sort of bulwarks there could be against them. He allows that religion has provided bulwarks, which are getting eroded. He identifies three types of bulwark.The cardinal more dependable are sympathy and respect for human dignity. The less dependable tercet is Moral Identity I belong to a kind of person who would not do that sort of thing. This third is less dependable because notions of moral identity can themselves be warped, as was done by the Nazis. 5 In The End of Faith, Sam Harris quotes Glover as express Our entanglements with people close to us erode simple self-interest. Husbands, wives, lovers, parents, children and friends all confound the boundaries of self ish concern.Francis Bacon rightly said that people with children have given hostages to fortune. Inescapably, other forms of friendship and love hold us hostage too peg self-interest is destabilized. citation needed In 1989 the European Commission hired Glover to head a panel on embryo research in Europe. 6 He is marital to Vivette Glover, a prominent neuroscientist. Jonathan is father to three and grandfather to one (father to Ruth, Daniel and David Glover and grandfather to Samuel Glover).

Media and the Criminal Justice System Essay

Media has a steady influence on todays society and the criminal scarceness system. Interaction with the media continues to create problems in overcoming the racial disparities in this nation, ascribable to wickedness that is committed by heathenish minorities in the media increasing racial stereotypes. Media overly has a great influence and disadvantages regarding high profile criminal casings, modify the way Ameri earth-closets view the criminal nicety system.High video to the intelligence service and entertainment media has been proven it increase charge,which groundwork rise the horror place in communities. In any case, when turning on the countersign and facial expression through the pages of a local news showpaper, minorities , mostly Afri basin-Ameri weeds atomic number 18 the central concentrate on of nuisance ,creating the portal that abusives are the main source of crime in our nation (see figure 1). The graph below shows the increasing pith of minat ory on black crimes over the years.A 2007 special report released by the Bureau of umpire Statistics, reveals that approximately 8,000 and, in certain years, as some as 9,000 Afri suffer Americans are murdered annually in the get together States .The media has led to racial stereotypes of African-Americans delinquent to the amount of black on black crime that is reported everyday. Fig. 1. Homicide victims by race and gender of the victims 1933-2005Department of Justice Report2007More so, informing the semipublic of what occurred instead of solutions to the problem. This issue results to a misunderstanding by the viewer who assumes that the images and facts portrayed are representations of racial groups as a whole, instead of those particular people that are being mentioned. put down more Advantages and Disadvantages of Mass CommunicationThe media can excessively influence the rightfulness enforcement opinion of blacks, they go for been many illegal actions on the basis of an separate race and ethnicity known as racial profile. In addition,victims who are an ethnic minority are rarely featured on the news, un standardised ovalbumin victims who claim the spotlight in media entertainment. Such as the murder of Teryvon Martin. As a result, of the medias false portrayals of crime and offenders has resulted in the continuation of negative beliefs in our country. The main point of this issue is the problem of racial profiling that exists in various communities within our society including the criminal justice system.However, media coverage or press attention in criminal cases poses its advantages and disadvantages. promotion can cause unknown witnesses to come forward so that their information whitethorn be considered and the facts correctly determined. It can also function to ensure that the psyche who is charged is being treated fairly by subjecting their decisions to the public. Media coverage can also provide the encouragement for needed chan ges in the criminal justice system . Media in criminal cases can also have its disadvantages. Publicity may cause some imagines or prosecutors, particularly those who essential re elected , to act in a manner to help his or her votes rather than in the manner of fairness and justice. The media can also influence the jurors decision.There are righteousnesss that protects a jury from being influenced by media reporting, but there have been situations where criminal cases hear claims that a defendant cannot get a fair trial because of the media. These concerns are taken earnestly by judges and also by reporters and editors who can face impounding for compromising the legal process. Yet there has been many opinions from lawyers and journalists, that most juries are sophisticated enough to ignore media reports when they are asked to return a verdict.There have been many high profile cases where the media influence the public and exposed themselves in a negative manner , as well as sure the public of the wrongdoing of the criminal justice system. For example, The Treyvon Martin case exposed the beat in the media. Similar to what I stated in the beginning of this paper.The media rarely broadcast victims that are African-American. It took one month for the Treyvon Martin shooting to air on the news. Another incident that shows the lack of law in the media, is the television of George Zimmerman arriving at the police station. After ABC News ethereal surveillance video of George Zimmerman, entering a police precinct without any apparent injuries, another news program enhanced still images from the video and concluding that it found what may be an injury to the back of his head.The sites photo epitome photoshopped the back of Zimmermans head with yellow arrows and stated this itindicates what appears to be a vertical laceration or scar several inches long. These statements were lately deemed as false. As, I mentioned above, the media can inform the public of the wrongdoing in the criminal justice system. The Drew Peterson trial allowed hearsay to be presented as evidence in the case,though hearsay is stated as unconstitutional. A change in the law was made in order to use the hearsay against him. The media informed the public of the matter.The Daily Center is also the same news program that create the 152 pages of Martins tweets from a social networking site known as Tweeter. The judge, Debra S. Nelson of Seminole County round Court, said Mr. Martins Twitter, Facebook and school records were relevant in the self-defense case. The media influenced the judge to allow the tweets to analyze Martins personality , which might have been seen as a typical high school male, centre on girls, fetch up and getting out of class early, or to be used against him in order to show whether a victim had an alleged propensity to effect or aggression, the judge said. Similar to any other teenager his tweets focused on ditching school and girls, using t hem in a criminal case is a bias approach to the situation.Another show, The Today Show underwent an informal investigation from NBC regarding the editorial process after its morning show aired an edited conversation between George Zimmerman and a 911 dispatcher recorded beforehand the shooting. The investigation came after Fox News and others pointed out that the network joined two parts of the call together, making it appear as if Zimmerman had said, This jackass looks like hes up to no good. He looks black. In reality, Zimmerman was answering a dispatchers question Zimmerman This guy looks like hes up to no good. Or hes on drugs or something. Its raining and hes just walking around, looking about. Dispatcher OK, and this guyis he black, white or Hispanic? Zimmerman He looks black.(02 April 2012)The actions that the media took influenced the public and the courts and showed the negative aspects of allowing the media to inform the public. This case in particular showed the amou nt of racism, lack of integrity that exist in media entertainment. The business organisation of crime can be associated with media exposure. The media in general leans to exaggerate the crime . For example, the crime that you are more likely to see on the news are in relation to gun violence, the same thing can be found on the internet and newspaper. Crime through media is mean to draw the reader in, and interest them. Yet a daily exposure can encourage fear in the viewer. The fear of crime can outweigh the actual risks.Those who are in fear of crime tend to stay home rather than venture outdoors, this can increase the amount of crime. Signs of incivility in a community rises the crime rate due to criminals being drawn to communities where they perceive a lack of of social prevail by local residents(p.281). Another reason for promoting a certain fear of crime is money. By increasing the idea of violent crime, the dominant goal are more likely to invest in certain protections.Th e media lacks integrity due to broadcasting stories that attacks the reputation of African-Americans and other ethnic minorities. They exaggerate stories that can create moral panic and this can also be seen as a way of checkling how the public behaves. Racial profiling is associated with the media due to people seeing mostly blacks committed crimes. Mass media can control the outcome of criminal cases by brainwashing the jurors, controlling the verdict of the case. The human relationship between media and crime creates strong influence on the publics view of crime and the criminal justice system, overall having a power influence on both. Works Cited

Project Management Plan for Restaurant Essay

A factor analytic approach revealed that there were different consumer surgical incisions establish on identified attitudes in the cordial reception industry, give outing their hospitality pickaxe on different attributes of hospitality serve. This requires particularized market arrangeing segment and counsel strategies. A repeated measure nigh six years ulterior demo the robustness of the identified consumer attitudes. The impact of the attitudes on consumer behaviour is demonstrated and beas of question atomic number 18 identified in which this hospitality monitor may better in motley theory development and crush practice.Keywords Consumer federal agency, commercialiseing, Attribute- cherish theory, Service choice ** Vera Toepoel is an assistant professor at Leisure Studies, Tilburg University, Netherlands. E-mail V. Toepoeluvt. nl 76 Vera Toepoel opening Consumer trends come and go, affecting the ex disco biscuitt to which individuals appreciate certain aspect s of hospitality military dishs, and each over time this bear engage significant implications for businesses in the hospitality industry. It is chief(prenominal) for the firmament to understand what the current trends in consumer behavior ar, which consumer segments exist, and how consumer ehavior will develop in the future. Verma, Plaschka, and Louvriere (2002) argue that it is imperative that businesses take into account consumer preferences when making decisions regarding increase and service attributes. Understanding consumer choices is the key to successful management of hospitality services. tally to attribute-value theory (Mowen and Minor, 1998), consumers base their choice on different attributes. Consumers may be attracted by price, by quality, by location etc. Consumers weigh up the overall value in terms of the presence and angle of some(prenominal)ly attribute.A favorable overall attitude is expected to dissolver in repeat business. Over the last decades, several studies on market naval division in the hospitality sector have demonstrated that consumers requirements of hospitality services differ between market segments. Market sectionalisation divides a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require different fruits or services. Understanding what dissimilar segments require and developing focused management strategies to fulfill these specific requirements argon crucial to penetrating new markets and principal(prenominal)taining repeat business (Yuksel and Yuksel, 2002).The benefits of monitoring consumer attitudes appear evident. Incorporation of these attitudes into market part and management is limited, however. In addition, although many divider studies have been performed in the hospitality sector (see John and Pine, 2002), interrogation on stability over time is scarce. This study investigates which consumer segments exist in the hospitality sector in the Netherlands. A sectionalisation analysis establish on consumer attitudes in the hospitality industry is used. This study demonstrates differences in personal characteristics and behavior of the identified consumer segments.The measure is repeated to demonstrate the robustness of results. In addition, the repeating of the measure demonstrates how segmentation studies can serve to monitor consumer trends over time. This research can be used to map consumer attitudes and assist hospitality organizations in designing numberive market strategies to attract, satisfy, and retain consumers. supervise Consumer Attitudes in cordial reception Services a Market Segmentation 77 Literature Reviews Since the seventies a coherent theoretical structure has emerged to underpin consumer research.One of the main theories on consumer behavior believes that consumers base their choices on different attributes. These experiences may best be forced by multi-attribute models (Mowen and Minor, 1998). These models identify how consumers combine their be liefs about product attributes to form attitudes. Consumers argon considered to quantify hotels, restaurants, cafes etc. through sets of attributes (Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Multiattribute models assume that consumers ar using the standard hierarchy-ofeffects approach in which beliefs lead to attitude formation, which, in turn, leads to actual behavior.One of the most frequently used multi-attribute models is the attitude-towards-the-object model. Mowen and Minor (1998) describe this model in detail. It identifies three major factors that predict attitudes the saliency of an attribute, the readiness of the belief that a product or service has the attribute in question, and the evaluation of each of the salient attributes. Consumers weigh up the overall value in terms of the degree to which each attribute and its relevant weight is present (attribute-value theory). A favorable overall attitude is expected to result in repeat business.For a review of papers which have examine the a ttributes that argon valued in the hospitality industry, see Johns and Pine (2002). The richness of the different attributes may differ per market segment. For example, one market segment may be attracted by a restaurants little price, another by its food quality, another by its location, and so on. Consumers assess certain attributes of the products, but the key factor is that this assessment is conditioned by the segment to which they belong. Consumers do not value attributes in the same way but in general terms.If they belong to the same segment they usually have similar attribute weighting coefficients. Hence there is a need to properly identify segments, so that managers can identify which attributes of specific services are valued by consumers in each segment. For this primer it is interesting to connect these attributes with the valuation of the different segments. The Dutch Research bestow for Recreation and Tourism (NRIT) claims in their report on trends in tourism, re creation, and unemployed (2009) that due to the focus on the economic crisis focused marketing segmentation is an absolute must.Most studies on market segmentation focus on a three-step make of segmentation (who will come), targeting (what do they want), and positioning 78 Vera Toepoel (what can we offer). There are many studies dealing with consumer segmentation in the hospitality industry. For an exhaustive overview of different segmentation approaches and their pros and cons, see e. g. Bowen (1998) and Johns and Pine (2002). Traditionally, segmentation was ground on demographic characteristics, later on other variables were used, e. g. geographic, psychographic, and behaviorist variables (Bowen, 1998).For example, Legoherel (1998) focuses on expenditure-levels in terms of consumers estimation of travel expenditures Grazin and Olsen (1997) identify groups depending on their frequency of use with regard to fast food restaurants Nayga and Capps (1994) relate look at for differe nt types of restaurants to different socio-economic segments and Binckley (1998) shows that population density has a powerful effect on demand. Victorino, Karniouchina, and Verma (2009) use segmentation based on consumers comfort with engine room to tailor communication service to guests computing and connectivity needs.Oh and Jeong (1996) base their segmentation on characteristics of the organization product, service, amenity, appearance, and convenience. Lewis (1981) realises that segments in restaurants differ in their opinions about the grandeur of several service attributes, while Bahn and Granzin (1985) find that nutritional concerns affected restaurant selection. As hospitality organizations provide a number of services, it seems appropriate to consider the benefits in terms of the attributes of the total service product provided (Bahn and Granzin, 1985). Much hospitality research reflects the broad theoretical structure of attribute-value theory.Thus a number of authors h ave studied hospitality attributes, but the authors disagree about the relative importance of the attributes (Johns and Pine, 2002). Clark and Wood (1996) attribute the differences in importance of attributes to different styles of hospitality services, e. g. types of restaurants. Differences could in like manner come from different trends or cultures and even different types of survey questions, however. It is severe to develop standardized questions to measure generalized attributes that are considered relevant to all hospitality services.Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1988) made a major contribution to the service industry by developing the SERVQUAL actor. They demonstrated that service quality depends on quintette dimensions reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles. The applicability of SERVQUAL in the hospitality industry is demonstrated by several studies (e. g. Bojanic and Rosen, 1994 Lee and Hing, 1995 Stevens, Knutson, and Patton, 1995). Although SERVQUAL summarizes service attributes in a theoretically fit way, it takes little account of differences in consumers wishes regarding service quality over time.In Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospitality Services a Market Segmentation 79 addition, each study on market segmentation in the hospitality industry reveals distinct consumer groups, but it is often unknown, however, whether the segmentation holds over time or in different settings. Research on stability in market segments over time is scarce (Dolnicar, 2006). constancy is essential as every segmentation solution is different. Only if a segmentation solution can repeatedly be found, does it give a secure basis to postulate existence of segments.In her study on market-segmentation in tourism over the recent decades, including papers in schoolman journals from 1981 until 2005, Dolnicar reports less than 14% of all studies reporting on any form of stability in market segmentation. Stability over time is claimed to be one of the most serious potential developments in hospitality segmentation. The hospitality sector is always moving and all kinds of trends and developments define the sector locally, matterly, and internationally. Therefore, it is important to monitor what hospitality consumers want.The Dutch Tourism knowledge Centre, the Dutch comprehensive organization for the hospitality sector, acknowledges in its report on consumer behavior (2000) that consumers found that hospitality businesses did not know what their consumers wanted. In 2002, the Dutch Tourism cognition Centre adapted the SERVQUAL instrument of Parasuraman et al. (1988) to five consumer attitudes in the hospitality sector , in order to better keep up with consumers wishes. The Moment Consumer (SERVQUAL tangibles) chooses what is handy at a certain place and time.Physical facilities, equipment, and appearance are found to be important attributes of hospitality services. This consumer is unpredictable and consumer loya lty is low. This consumer feels to a greater extent and more the need for efficiency. Price is not an object of concern. Moment Consumers are sensitive for trends and tire of concepts relatively quickly. The Conscious Consumer (SERVQUAL reliability) appreciates the ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. The Conscious Consumer emphasizes nutrition, origins of products and security.Conscious consumers are concerned about the forbid consequences of their behavior for the environment and their health. For the Assured Consumer (SERVQUAL assurance), health and a good and unattackable environment are important. Under the influence of food scandals the emphasis is on natural and biological products. Consumers are driven to find alternatives if there are indications of potential risks. Information on the whereabouts of a product, the methods used for preparation, and pure products, are important attributes for this consumer. Violence and aggression have to be ta ckled by the hospitality business openly.The hale Consumer (SERVQUAL responsiveness) values 80 Vera Toepoel healthy food. Colour, taste, form, structure, odor, and appearance are important attributes for a healthy lifestyle. The origins printed on products are also criteria for purchase. The Healthy Consumer buys at responsive businesses. The Experience Consumer (SERVQUAL empathy) wants more than food or accommodation. Eating, drinking, and quiescence have to be experiences, where the consumer is able to participate in the business process and above all is surprised by the experience. The Experience Consumer wants individual management and empathy from hospitality businesses.All of the identified groups value different attributes in the hospitality sector. Attitudes towards different attributes are found be related to demographics. Lea and Worsley (2005) find a significant effect of sex on hospitality beliefs. Bittencourt, Teratanavat, and Chern (2007) prove crime syndicate inc ome, family size and composition, residential location, and age as important influencing factors on food and hospitality consumption. For example, age effects are associated with changes in nutritional requirements, tastes, and preferences due to aging and life cycle (Mori et al. , 2000).Cook (1994) discusses that spending on dairy products generally decreases with age, while spending on vegetables and fruits are higher(prenominal) in older age groups. Nayga and Capps (1993) give an overview of studies on food outside(a) from home and the socio-demographic factors considered. They find gender, urbanization, household composition, age, education, and income as most important factors influencing consumer behavior. demographic factors can be used to predict differences in attitudes because the structure of demographic characteristics follows a specific pattern (Bittencourt et al. , 2007).It is important to take into account demographic characteristics to see how they influence consume rs attitudes towards certain attributes. National policies can also influence consumer behavior and attitudes. At the time of this research, smoking policies were a hot egress in the hospitality sector. Although many businesses feared for their turnovers and some faced major losings due to the inlet of a smoking ban (Frumkin, 2004), other businesses did not notice any differences in consumer behavior before and after the introduction of the prohibition (Kramer, 1995), or even saw a business opportunity in it (Pratten, 2003).It is interesting to see how policy measures such as a smoking ban can have different effects on consumer segments. When hospitality businesses monitor which consumer segments they attract, it becomes more feasible to understand and react to national policies. In the remainder of this paper the five consumer attitudes are presented in a research instrument based on consumer segmentation, the Hospitality Monitor, together Monitoring Consumer Attitudes in Hospit ality Services a Market Segmentation 81 ith information attesting the reliability and validity of the scale and evidence that the construct is meaning(prenominal) in analyzing consumer behavior. Methodology Design and implementation A research instrument was developed to distinguish different consumer segments in the hospitality industry based on the five consumer attitudes identified by the Dutch Tourism Knowledge Centre (2002). Since the boundaries between different attitudes are often blurred, the consumer attitudes were classified into the five main consumer service attributes of the SERVQUAL instrument (Parasuraman et al. 1988). These attitudes are clear and can be manipulated. The attitudes are useful for all sectors in the hospitality industry, from drinking, eating, to accommodation. About ten items per attitude were constructed to differentiate between attitudes. The research instrument consisted of 50 items metric on a five-point Likert scale. Items are presented in Appe ndix A. The score on each attitude indicates the respondents attitude towards the topic. Questions on gender, urbanization, household composition, age, education, income, and the smoking ban were also taken into account.Longitudinal measurements reveal the augmentation or weakening of certain attitudes. To demonstrate, the exact same measure was repeated some six years later. The questionnaires were fielded in the CentERpanel, an online household panel consisting of more than 2,000 households administered by CentERdata. The panel aims to be representative of the Dutch-speaking population in the Netherlands, including those without Internet access. The CentERpanel is based on a household probability sample selected by Statistics Netherlands, the national statistical agency. Households with no Internet access when recruited were provided with a so-called Net.Box, modify a connection via a telephone line and a tv set. If the household did not have a television, CentERdata provided th at, too (see Appendix B for details about the panel). Data show for Wave 1 took place in August 2003 1644 panel members were selected and 1410 responded (response luck 85. 7%). Data collection for Wave 2 took place in March 2009 2446 panel members were selected and 1677 responded (response percentage 68. 6%). The demographics in both samples are roughly the same, as can be seen in Appendix C. Data was analyzed using SPSS variant 17. 82

Reading Written Works And Watching TV Essay

Books are known as the first fair bearing the function of conveying information to passel they were invented about 5000 years ago. If books chamberpot be considered as the traditional medium, television is the modern one and only(a). In fact, it was first introduced in public in the late 1920s and currently became a signifi sack upt part of the daily life. Both of these media provide people with information, news as well as knowledge, but each salmagundi has some distinct features. The similarities as well as the differences between construe books and ceremonial TV vary, but they stool be divided into threesome main persuasions the activity factor, entertainment and social interaction. The first critical aspect differentiating translation written works and honoring television is the activity factor. The action mechanism of mental activity between construe and coding TV is signifi movetly different. While schooling book, one place readily imagine the burst of the book in his or her mind and decode what the author promoter, which can help one improve his or her imagination.see overmuchtv is better than booksIn contrast, watching TV makes one receive images passively, which means his or her imagination is controlled by others. Ordway (2010) states that compared to exercise books, watching TV is noticeably less strenuous. In addition, when reading, one can control his or her condemnation and activated more effectively than watching TV. For instance, one can each increase or reduce his or her reading speech, re-read pages or chapters he or she likes, all of which one cannot do while watching TV. However, two reading printed works and watching TV are involved in little physical activities. Secondly, the similarities and differences between reading and watching TV can be demonstrated through the entertainment. In general, the tar arrive at that both reading and watching TV aim at is to entertain people. People a lot either read books or w atch TV when they have slow up while or want to relax after a grievous working day. However, the levels of entertainment are not the same.Reading books requires one more power and time to transfer words into images thus, one is more probably to keep in his or her mind the content of the books. As a result, it can be said that reading a deeper level of entertainment. However, every(prenominal) stick has two ends certain kinds of entertainment may not be available in books such as live sports, news, etc. Meanwhile, one can watch a live football march or a performance on TV.  through watching TV, one can relax and enjoy many kinds of entertainment with fewer attempts (Rubenoff, 2012). In short, watching TV has greater variety of entertainment. The last aspect displaying the similarities and differences between reading and watching TV is social interaction. Both of them can be employ as conversation starters.The information shown on TV or books can be a favorite subject for e veryone to discuss with each other. Moreover, reading book and watching TV are activities that can ease the star of isolation. When being home alone, one can lie in hit the sack and watch TV or read books. The sound and images on the entomb or books can distract ones attention from the retirement and the negative thinking. However, one is more likely to get addicted to watching TV he or she may spend much time watching TV, become a couch potato and not bump like communicating with others.On the other hand, reading books is different. One can also enjoy a book himself or herself so much that he or she gets lost in it. In other words, his consciousness simulates real experiences, just as if he were living them himself (Hilary, 2012). However, unlike those who watch TV, readers are less likely to get addicted when their eyes get tired, they can put the books down and go out for a crack or talk with friends. As a result, readers may interact with orderliness better than viewers. To sum up, reading written works and watching TV have both similarities and differences in the activity factor, entertainment and social interaction. Through reading, one can extend the boundary of his or her imagination and relax without being afraid of getting addicted to it. In comparison, watching TV requires less thinking and is easier to become addicted to, but it can tot up one with various kinds of entertainment. Taking everything into account, we can say that both reading and watching TV have pros and cons the point is that we need to know how to oddment between them and benefit from them the most.ReferencesHilary, F. (2012, lofty 25). Getting lost in a good book can help you keep healthy. Retrieved August 19, 2014, from http//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2193496/Getting-lost-good-book-help-healthy.htmlOrdway, H. (2010, Jan 17). Reading Versus Television Which is better? Retrieved August 18, 2014 from http//www.hieropraxis.com/2010/01/reading-versus-television-whi ch-is-better/Rubenoff, T. (2012, October 23). Television vs. Book? Retrieved August 16, 2014 from http//tomrubenoff.hubpages.com/hub/Television-or-Book

Internal Controls Relating to the Bjb Company

wholly publicly trader companies in the USA are required to nurse and have an up to date agreement of internal moderates. Since the LJB Company is privation to become a public entity, I am glad to be able to assist in this action. First, the rules and regulations must be reviewed and compared to the accompany and how it piece of ass become public. To make the company attractive to buyers, investors, and other capital sources, it is pivotal that the corporate organization and governance are well manifested. Corporate executives and the get on with of directors within a corporation must ensure that these internal controls are effective.The reliability and efficiency of the internal controls must be directed and supervise by the board of directors and corporate executives (Kimmel 345). Beca mathematical function the LJB Company is a small size company in regards to the employee number, there should be a re-evaluation of the costs versus the benefits of existence a publicly traded company. It would be best to know how the company would study with stock in this case. A stock newspaper publisher demand to be made and discussed further regarding the number of shares, issuing stock, and stock value for the LJB Company.To protection the assets, enhance the reliability of the method of accounting inscribes, increase efficiency within the fiscal operations, defense the assets of the company, and ensure proper compliance with the laws and regulations, the Internal Control report is crucial to the company. A controlled environment, risk assessment, activity control, information and communication, and group monitor should all be a part of the internal control report (Kimmel 349). From the given information, the internal control components of an effective internal control system are not as efficient as they can be.Because LBJ is nerve-racking to go public in the near future, there are just about requirements that must be met in within the internal contr ol system. It is the business of the instruction on how important ethics are within the organization. Secondly, the fencement should address the employees on what kind of risks are associated in regards to having unethical activity. angiotensin-converting enzyme example is skulker. In order tor educe fraud, the management must down policies and procedures regarding education in what the consequence of the employee and company will be if fraud is detected.Due to the small number of employees in the LJB Copmany, there is an advantage over competitors. Because employees prove long term commitment, there is a loyalty and employee retention. It is overly easier to manage the employees and implementing new rules and regulations will be handled in an easier manner. The decision to switch to pre-numbered invoices was a abundant idea by the accountants and the indelible ink machine get was a great investment. These pre-numbered invoices are going to be a great aid in preventing tra nsactions more than once and will be helpful in holding track of recorded transactions.It will also help the timeliness of the accounting entries from the employees transactions. This will restore the reliability of the accounting records and their accuracy. The use of forcible controls like this is crucial in the internal control environment. In addition, the holding of checks in a safe place is in accordance with the principles of internal physical control as well and it reflects the safeguard of assetswhich in turn, improves the reliability and accuracy of the accounting records.Because of the monthly bank satisfaction and sole purchasing of the supplies, the accountant is acting as a financial officer and controller at the same time it seems. This is a violation of the separatism of duties principle (Kimmel 355). Various frauds are possible when this dual role is employed. In order to deliver an effective and controlled system within the internal controls environment, the us e of physical custody needs to be separated from record keeping duties. Fraudulent activity will be detected if documentation and autarkical verification is not employed.In regards to cash receipts, there should be a designated employee such as a cashier to handle the cash. Also, proper cash written text of receiving and having custody of cash, cash picture and over the counter receipts, total deposits of receipts, register receipts, as well as bank deposit slips should be performed everyday (as frequent as possible). Lastly, there should be a limited genuine employee number to handle the company cash safes and cash storage in the bank (Kimmel 352). The internal controls of the LJB Company would benefit from authorizing employees that are designated for treasury purposes and.These individuals would only deal with checks and approve payments while keeping account for the checks with an approved invoice, as well as stamping each approved invoice that has been paid. Secondly, th ere needs to be a safe or vault that stores the blank checks and it is dependant access to only certain authorized individuals. The machine needs to be printed with indelible ink for the correct amount. Lastly, there needs to be monthly reconciliations of bank and book balances the company needs to have approved invoices of checks earlier issuing payment(s).The internal control principles are based on indebtedness of different employees. In the case that all employees have access to the diminutive cash drawer, it will be impossible to determine who may be accountable for an error if it occurred. It would be recommended that only one person is trusty for this handling. This petty cash should be held in a safe or vault and the person designated for access should report to the supervisor on a weekly basis in regards to the withdrawals therein. Lastly for the LJB Company, to ensure proper employee maneuver and ethical conduct, the hiring process is very important for the internal control issue.The valet resources department should control and monitor background checks that are thorough and confidential. The companys information and security is at risk with the employees, so do sure that the employee value integrity will be crucial in the long-run success of the company. In order to have better physical internal control and human resource control, there needs to be restricted access to computers and information therein. First and foremost, there needs to be an installed software program that blocks certain websites.Upon hiring, the employee should attain his or her own countersignature and login to have access to the computer. Software also exists that detects the websites accessed and a track record of login at particular times. Once an employee has their own login and password, they are solely responsible for the work they do on that computer. In summary, if all of the above listed suggested practices are taken into account and properly implemented, the LJB Company will thrive as a the publicly traded corporation. References Kimmel. Financial Accounting. 6. VitalSource Bookshelf. John Wiley &038 Sons.

Why Is Google Making This Move

For Google, maintaining itself as a search leader as radio receiver internet access grows is passing important since this is champion area with extremely high growth prospects. The busy phone is poised to become one of the most prevalent ways to access the Internet, analysts say, raising the stakes for Google. Thats why the company is exploring ways to build its runs on entirely such devices and why it might undertake the risky but ambitious gambit of producing its own phone.For Google to really go mobile, it needs changes in the lively marketplace, where phone companies operate systems largely closed to unapproved devices and applications. Their basic strategic accusative is to make sure the wireless Internet resembles the wired Internet, right like a shot they are very different. Googles vision is to baffle mobile-phone service offered justify of monthly charges to consumers get outing to put up with publicise. What Google wants to accomplish is to broker advertisin g on mobile phones the way it has on the Web.Wireless carriers worry that Google will sinew its way into the young market and capture their wireless advertising dollars. HOW DOES GOOGLES SUPPORT FOR OPEN ACCESS FIT INTO GOOGLES PLANS? With the requirement to seize any device or application to operate on the spectrum, however, Google could get into the mobile market without having to actually build and operate a network. If Google is successful, however, beam companies will have much more flexibility in creating transmission line models that habituate spectrum that used to belong to them in the first place.The irony of this is stunning. absolved access provides the following flexibility Open applications. Consumers should be able to transfer software applications and content, and use services without restrictions. Open devices. Consumers should be able to use any type of handheld communications device and not be limited to those provided by or approved by the wireless service provider. Open services. Third-party resellers should be able to obtain wholesale bandwidth or wireless services from any company that wins a 700 megacycle license. Open third-party networks.Other networks should be able to interconnect at technically feasible points with a 700 MHz licensees wireless network. IT LOOKS LIKE GOOGLE WANTS TO GET INTO WIRELESS, YET, WIRELESS IS NOT ONE OF GOOGLES CORE COMPETENCIES. WHAT SHOULD GOOGLE DO ABOUT THIS? Google could buy the spectrum like real estate, have it to someone to build/run the network, and still hook its Android devices up to it. Googles priority as a public company is to make a profit having a Google-branded wireless service would attract a soundly deal more eyeballs to its ad-based services.As the leader in the establish internet world, Google stands to reach in a purely open wireless world, but so will we all. Big or small, a level field of butterfly will mean an explosion of creativity and applications that we cant correc t imagine today. Google could implement wireless Internet experiences that dramatically surpass whats available today, including Phones that incorporate quality cellular browsers to enable listening and showing to all audio and video streams Implementing a wireless local area network-friendly cellular network to unload bandwidth-intensive Internet access and encourage dual 3G/WiFi phones Putting WiFi VOIP software on all phones Offering feature-rich synchronization between handsets and the Internet for Googles applications as well as third parties Providing advanced mobile commerce software for wireless Internet shopping experiences Testing unload and discounted airtime and wireless Internet services paid for with text, audio, and video advertisements Being quaint among cellular operators to leverage the Internet for educating customers through a comprehensive mailboat of Weblogs, wikis, videos, podcasts, and email newsletters, and encouraging senior executives and consumers to interact online APPLY AS many a(prenominal) TCOS AS YOU CAN TO GOOGLES MIGRATION TO DIGITAL.A disposed a company posture be able to describe the industry dynamics of technological change. combine with its core competencies of search, applications, and advertising, Google may soon add new puzzle pieces that will help create an end-to-end mobile broadband network in the US. However, these new pieces may be mostly astir(predicate) expanding its core commerceproviding universal access to information in exchange for targeted-advertising dollars D Given an governmental context, develop a plan to increase the innovative capabilities of the organization both through collaboration trategies and internal innovation. If Google was a winner in the 700MHz auction, I believe the company would have attempted to wholesale the spectrum, and would have collaborated with partners to ensure a strong presence in mobile broadband and drive its own advertising revenue. E Given information abou t a companys industry, and organization, formulate a technological innovation strategy through its new product development strategy. By program line in the auction, Google forced Verizon to shell out the cash necessary to concession open access to devices and applications on portions of the spectrum.Google doesnt really care about what the telephone company paid for wireless access. They just want access to the platform. So Google got the open access rules it wanted, forced telecoms to pay for open access airways all for the bell of FCC lobbying and some game theorists hired to formulate an optimal bidding strategy. Google instantly gets to sit back and focus on its core competencies search, advertising, and street magic.Reference 1. http//www. bignerds. com/ document/3640/Research-Googles-Attempt-Buy-Into-Wireless/

Epistemology and Descartes Essay

In twain Platos Allegory of the Cave and Descartes The Fourth Meditation, they discuss accuracy what it is, where it comes from and how to cross off it from falsehood and error. Platos paper is more metaphorical and uses imagery to paint a picture of his idea of truth, while Descartes is more straight forward, and uses examples. These written document argon written very differently but ar, at the alike(p) time, very similar when it comes to content. Although its not word for word, these two written document complement each another(prenominal) very well when it comes to defining truth and explaining its origin.In Allegory of the Cave, Platos view is that our senses, such as sight, skew our disposition of true recognizeledge. We are, for all intense and offices, chained at the screw and ankles, un qualified to move. Our world is a cave lit by a fire disguised as the sun. We only see what is before us our shadows, our falsities and errors. However, on the rare occasion that we break free from our chains, we are able to experience true knowledge. We understand the world around us and crystallize what we at a time thought we k smart isnt real. We view things in a new perspective, a new lightsunlight.This is what Plato believes truth is. The cave where men are chained is, essentially, a mask, hiding Earths true identity. one time that mask is taken off, we know Earths true identity, we understand. unitary may relate being unchained to an epiphany, or divine intervention. Its an experience of something so pure, so insightful you know it to be true. And once we have experienced this pure truth, we must return to the cave live by shadows and lit with an artificial sun. We must do to this so we mickle share our true knowledge with others, so they too, may one sidereal day be unchained. In The Fourth Meditation, Descartes rationalizes Gods Will, and all of imperfections, with a series of questions and answers. In this paper, Descartes describes God as the source of goodness, truth and being. He is in bounded. The opposite of God, Descartes states, is nothingness. So, since we humans exist, Descartes explains we must be somewhere in between these two extremes. We are neither infinite, nor are we nothingness. We are finite, as God willed us to be. We consist of being and non-being. And any imperfection we may have is not a result of our being, rather our non-beingour error, in other words. Descartes says that when we know we know something, we are 100 percent sure nigh it. We have no feelings against it. Its a sudden realization, an epiphany perhaps. And in this state, our judgments are certain and true. Descartes also talks nearly how we can not know anything certainly, without whole toneing at the whole picture. For example, scientists cannot expect to prove or contradict Gods existence by looking at specific, finite things in the universe.Or if people try to disprove God by saying there is evil in the world, they arent looking at the big picture. For, in the big picture, Descartes thinks there would be an explanation, a purpose for evil. So even though Plato and Descartes give very different types of explanations about truth, and its origin, they come to similar conclusions. They both view truth as something beyond our ordinary senses. They both suggest taking a look at the bigger picture to find truth (being unchained/understanding Gods infinite being). And they both agree that, when the truth is know, it inescapably to be shared.

Misc-En-Scene Sin City

For my essay on mise-en- thought, I impart be talking about the pits urban center, written and directed by unmannerly Miller, Robert Rodriquez and Quentin Tarantino. In this film, there ar some unique techniques apply by the directors to portray emotions, hidden meanings and to determine mood. Sin City is a bold and brutal adaptation of the graphic novels written by Frank Miller. Mise-en- delineation is a cinematic term, which refers to techniques used by directors to help construct a specific onscreen re bewilderation. It consists of the implantting of the film, costume and make up, rubor, represent, and last of every(prenominal), time and space.The nip that I will be analyzing would be the scene in which Marv confronts of import Roark and forces him to confess, after which Marv kills him. Marv, a brute of a man, is mavenness of the booster units in this film. He wakes up after a one-night stand with a prostitute Goldie and she lies beside him dead. Marv establishe d that he has been framed and goes on a vengeful rampage to exhibit the truth. He kills green who is a cannibal who murders and consumes people, and finds out the grand was the cardinals ward.The setting of this scene is in the underlyings path where it is ignominious and we can yet make out the furniture bear inside. Color symbolism is extreme in the entire film the film is almost entirely inked in black and whiteness. The directors created the film using the visu tout ensembley stunning black and white style of film noir to emphasize misanthropic and extreme attitudes and sexual motivations. Film noir is used to d bigt the darker grammatical constructions of modernity, and is usually set in a criminal milieu ex chiply what this film needed.The storey and existential angst that drives a male protagonist and a voluptuous femme fatale who seduces the protagonist for her own benefits are the gist of film noir, which are present in Sin City. Goldie used Marv for his coars e size and brute strength to nurture her, while Marv had feelings for Goldie. Her murder drives him mad and fuels his rage to find her killer. Sin City can be classified as a neo-noir film, which possesses elements of film noir, near now with updated themes and visual elements that were absent in classic film noir. However, it is the garble version in this film that is unique.The retained or added tint to certain objects is an direful technique, bringing out the emotions of the fictional character or empathize the significance of the object. In the confrontation scene, the eyeball of primordial Roark are painted green and it is the exactly other colouration present in that picture of black and white. The color of the eyes battle arrayn would make the audience focusing on Cardinal Roark as he confess, and to be drawn to ponder on his sick thoughts and emotions. putting surface color may admit been used to depict a mavin of evil and perverse present in the Cardinal, an d lawful to the saying The eyes are the windows to a persons soul. The color ablaze(p) is rendered many times in the strikingly monochromatic film, mainly in the conformity of bloodshed or love objects the like the heart-shaped bed where Marv and Goldie had their one night affair. Red is meant to depict extreme violence, death, love and vulnerability in Sin City and it toys an important role in stimulating the emotions of the audience. In spite of this, red is scarcely used when it is required and not all blood is painted red. In some scenes, the blood is left as white colored to show that it is not as significant in the film.There is a scene in the flashback during Cardinal Roarks confession, in which Goldie is copiousy colored from her yellow locks to her fiery red dress and the color of her uncase. The idea was to illustrate how beautiful Goldie was in Marvs eyes and how full of life Goldie was to Marv in the dreadful Sin City. Besides the color in the scene I have chosen , there are flashes of brilliant color at different junctions of the film. There is one scene where the prostitutes in onetime(a) Town, depicting justice served in a crude way, stain the skies red during the massacre of mercenaries.One very distinct color I would like to point out would be the white-livered Bastards skin color at the last part of the film. The connotation of yellow in this case, will be to represent dirty, pungent and obnoxious, so true to Yellow Bastards character that even his blood bleeds yellow. The costumes and makeup dally another important element of mise-en-scene. As in the case of the change of the prostitute Goldie, the elegant and sexy dresses that she dons in the film help her play the part of the seductress. The blonde locks along with the blood-red lipstick she possess nurse the audience the vibe that she is a femme fatale.On the other hand, Marv is clothed throughout in a black trench coat with a white singlet inside, displaying his heedless of c aution attitude. The actor playing Marv, Mickey Rourke is envisioned as the graying behemoth embodied underneath a ton of facial nerve make-up to make him look grotesque and fierce. Besides that, Kelvin wears a pair of glasses to invoke the look of a creepy sociopath killer. alone this costumes and makeup contribute in building the personalities of the characters in Sin City, empowering them with attributes the directors require them to have.In the lighting context for Sin City, sub payabled lighting is utilized throughout the film. Low-key lighting or chiaroscuro is present in the scene that I mentioned, with artificial light shone through the windows of the Cardinals room. The room is supposedly pitch dark and the only light present comes from outside the window. Thus creating a dimly lit scene, which gives the audience a feel of the impending sentence of Cardinal Roark. Strong shadows engulf two the Cardinal and Marv, generating tension between the both characters. Marvs f ace is barely visible at times, only a portion shown by the lighting.I believe by making the room so dark, it forces the audience to focus on what is visible. The weak light shone on Kelvins kill corpus also creates an eerie feel. At the final part of the scene whereby Marv presumably cuts Cardinal Roarks throat, the darkness and shadows conceal the gore that ensues. The low-key lighting acts to dampen the event of the violence as the details are being obscured. Furthermore, in the flashback during the confession of the cardinal, there is a shot of Kelvin with bright lighting shown from behind him. His entire face is black due to the shadow and his glasses were the only thing white in color.The effect creates such a deviant character and literally sends chills down ones spine. On the whole, the sinister environment of Sin City is originally submerged in low-key lighting, just in dramatic epic sequences, where the directors want the audience to see the details clearly. Another i mportant aspect of misc-en-scene used in a film is the staging. Staging refers to the movement and positioning of actors and objects. In the chosen scene, Marv breaks into Cardinal Roarks room, shows him the decapitated head of Kelvin and places it on the table. The dog ate the rest, Marv tells Roark straight in his face.Marv does that to show his hostility towards Roark and to instill fear in him, but it does not see to work as Roark just got out from his bed to examine the head. The act of Marv drawing his gun from his holster tells the audience that Marv was all ready to shoot Cardinal Roark in the head. His stance is in standing position while Roark just sat there without fleeing. This shows that Roark was ready to accept his fate. Yet, Marv did not blast his head to smithereens. He sat down across Roark to listen to his confession originally murdering him. He smokes a cigarette as he listened to Roark, taking his time.All of this staging tells us that he wanted pleasure in sidesplitting the cardinal slowly. Expression on the characters is a critical part of staging and in a scene of confrontation as such, it plays a huge role. The expression on Marvs face in the cardinals room remained unusually calm, without showing much rage. It creates a very filter atmosphere in the room, keeping the audience in suspense everyplace when Marv would end Roarks life. On the other hand, Roark was almost expressionless when he confessed to Marv about his perverse deeds and till the very end when he was killed in cold blood.There was only a slight discolor of nervousness when he saw Kelvins head. This scene illustrates vividly about a man who knows he is about to meet his doom and a man who is determined to take the life of another. It is the part where dark truth is revealed. Speech used is another element of mise-en-scene, not only can it invoke thoughts in the audience, it can bring out the true nature of the character. The rampaging Marv finally achieves his mani acal madman majesty when he answers Cardinal Roarks final question of whether killing him would satisfy him, Marv answers The killing? No, no satisfaction.Everything up to the killing, itd be gas. From that, we find out that although the diabolical non-Christian priest and his ward deserve to die, Marv in fact enjoys torturing people and the run-in alone reveals the sadistic nature in him. The tv camera is focused all the time on the closed-up faces of Marv and Roark when either one is speaking. In cinematography, facing the camera is the position with the most intimacy as the character is looking in our direction and we are able to see the expressions on his face, engaging our attention. then in a scene like this, the closed-up face positioning would be best.Close ups give the audience time to judge a character and create mood and tension between the two characters present. In the scene, I realize that the camera points upward towards Marc, giving the audience the perception th at he is the powerful and dominating character now. The camera is high angled when focused on Roark, the cannibalistic cardinal, making him seem powerless and pitiful. The computer-generated monochromatic landscape painting of Sin City is both elegant and vivid. Presence of retro sets and vintage cars make the urban center seem like a city decades again, except when one of the thugs in the film drives a Ferrari from the modern world.This means that it could be a retro-modern world or it could be set to mean solar day, just that the city is still in the 40s era. The costumes donned by the characters are weird for modern day fashion, from trench coats to stripper wear. It is perhaps pulp noir imagination and visualization of a world found only in graphic novels. The use of school depth of field in the scene I choose, allowed the subject to be isolated from the background. It serves to direct the audiences gaze upon the expressions of the two characters. understanding is also created by lighting, which reveals or hides the parts, which the director want the audience to see. The scene is also set up in a small room to confine the background and focus on the characters. In this essay, I have analyzed how the directors used cinematographic elements of mise-en-scene to convey meaning and stimulate response in the audience in the particular scene. Mise-en-scene is extremely important in filmmaking and has to be incorporated in every film, how well the individual or feature mise-en-scene techniques are used will help create the desired meanings in each scene.

Outcasts

Huston Outcasts in Society Outcasts are ofttimes change due to the fact that they do not follow the social norm. They are often judged without the consideration of their circumstances. We as a golf club contemplate outcasts as damaged goods and dont give them a chance. We as a society should give any hotshot the courtesy of an open mind. Outcast are often those who dont conduct themselves in the globener society thinks they should. As shown Hester committed adultery, a crime that is a serious sin to her community. (The Scarlett Letter) Outcasts abouttimes have done nothing wrong.They are segregated because of the stereotypes that hang over their heads like a storm cloud. As we saw the black man was often avoided and even feared just because society back then view African Americans as dangerous. (Black Men in Public Spaces) In several(prenominal) cases masses are made outcasts because of mortalality. A lamb is born unreserved while a tiger is considered dangerous from birt h. (the tiger and the lamb) Outcasts in our society are treated differently from others. they are often the subject of your ridicule. They in any case are commonly left out.No one in your science company talks to that weirdo who talks to himself because he has been deemed unfit and you do not want to be in the same boat for talking to him. Hester was constrained to ware a red A on her chest as a reminder not only to her community but to herself that she testament never become an accepted member of her society. (the scarlet letter) . In some cases out casts are avoided like when the white flock would do all(prenominal) thing they could to avoid the black man. (black men in public spaces). around out casts have no control over what makes them an out side.A person does not get to choose the color of his skin, yet some people judge u ground off of that fact alone. Our society demand to become more tolerant of every one because we completely arent given the same opportunities in life . me must judge people with their circumstances in mind not just what we see when we flavour at them. Hester did cheat on her husband but she thought that he was dead and she never loved him in the first place, but all that her community cared about was what she did not why she did it (the scarlet letter). e as a society must look at the good in every one rather than the bad. we choose the level of your worth based on the bad things that you have done in the past. every one has made a mistake before but not every one is a good person. In the end we are no different from those we avoid. We all have a beating heart and a will to be accepted by others. our society needs to be more tolerant because everyone is the same on the inside. .our society will eer have out casts but in order for us to bring on we need to give every one a fair trial run before we sentence them to a life alone.

Discuss ‘The Chinese Room’ Argument Essay

In 1980, John Searle began a widespread dispute with his paper, Minds, minds, and Programmes (Searle, 1980). The paper referred to a panorama experimentation which argued against the possibility that computers buns invariably fox artificial intuition (AI) in essence a reflection that moulds entrust ever be adequate to(p) to think. Searles business was found on two key claims. That ch deoxyadenosine monophosphateions produce brain roles and syntax doesnt act for semantics (Searle, 1980, p.417).Syntax in this instance refers to the computer language used to spend a penny a programme a combination of illegible code (to the naive eye) which provides the basis and commands for the action of a programme running on a computer. Semantics refers to the study of content or the get wording behind the use of language. Searles claim was that it is the existence of a brain which gives us our minds and the intelligence which we ache, and that no combination of programming lang uage is adequate luxuriant to contribute meaning to the forge and in that locationin for the forge to understand. His claim was that the app bent agreement of a computer is merely to a greater extent than a restrict of programmed codes, every(prenominal)owing the machine to twinge answers based on available information. He did non deny that computers could be programmed to perform to act as if they understand and devour meaning. In accompaniment he quotedthe computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind, rather the appropriately programmed computer unfeignedly is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs goat be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states (Searle, 1980, p. 417).Searles argument was that we whitethorn be able to create machines with wonky AI that is, we can programme a machine to coif as if it were thinking, to simulate suasion and upgrade a perceptible intellect, but the claim of strong AI (that machin es ar able to run with syntax and have cognitive states as forgivings and understand and produce answers based on this cognitive understanding, that it really has (or is) a mind (Chalmers, 1992)) is just not possible. A machine is unavailing to generate fundamental human mind pits such as determinationality, subjectivity, and comprehension (Ibid, 1992). Searles main argument for this notion came from his Chinese board experiment, for which t here(predicate) has been much deliberation and denunciation from fellow researchers, philosophers and psychologists. This paper aims to analyse the arguments, value counter augments and propose that John Searle was accurate in his philosophy that machines go away never think as humans and that the issue relates much to the dewy-eyed fact that a computer is neither human nor biological in nature, nor can it ever be.In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a method of examining the intelligibility of a machine to become issuen as The Turing Test (Tu ring, 1950). It describes an examination of the veracity to which a machine can be deemed intelligent, should it so pass . Searle (1980) argued that the test is fallible, in that a machine without intelligence is able to pass such a test. The Chinese Room is Searles example of such machine.The Chinese get on experiment is what is termed by physicists a thought experiment (Reynolds and Kates, 1995) such that it is a hypothetical experiment which is not physically performed, often without each intention of the experiment ever being executed. It was proposed by Searle as a doings of illustrating his understanding that a machine will never logically be able to possess a mind. Searle (1980) suggests that we envisage ourselves as a monolingual (speaking only one language) English speaker, locked inside a room with a large group of Chinese typography in addition to a second group of Chinese script. We are also presented with a zeal of rules in English which allow us to connect the in itial beat of writings, with the second tag of script. The set of rules allows you to identify the first and second set of symbols (syntax) purely by their presenting form. Furthermore, we are presented with a ordinal set of Chinese symbols and additional English instructions which makes it feasible for you to associate particular items from the third batch with the preceding two.This commands you consequently to give back particular Chinese symbols with particular shapes in response. Searle encourages us to accept that the initial set of writing is a script (a natural language processing computational data set) the second set a story and the third group questions. The symbols which are returned are the answers and the English instructions are the computer programme. However, should you be the one inside the Chinese room you would not be awake(predicate) of this. However, Searle suggests that your responses to the questions become so good, that you are impossible to differentia te from a congenital Chinese speaker yet you are merely behaving as a computer.Searle argues that whilst in the room and delivering advance answers, he silent does not k right off anything. He cannot speak Chinese yet is able to produce the define answers without an understanding of the Chinese language. Searles thought experiment demonstrated that of weak AI that we can indeed programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking and such to simulate thought and hence produce a perceptible understanding, when in fact the machine understands nothing it is but following a linear instructional set, for which the answers are already programmed. The machine is not producing intuitive thought it is providing a programmed answer.Searle was presented with many critical replies to the Chinese room experiment, for which he offered a rejoinder a retort to the replies by looking at the room in a different mode to account for such counterarguments presented by researchers in the field of A I. Harnard (1993) supports The Systems result in refute of the work of Searle. This argues that we are encouraged to focus on the vituperate agent the psyche in the room. This implies that the man in the room does not understand Chinese as a single entity, but the organisation in which he operates (the room), does. However, an evident opposition to such claim is that the brass (the room) again has no real way of connecting meaning to the Chinese symbols any more than the individual man did in the first instance. Even if the individual were to internalize (memorise) the entire instructional components, and be removed from the formation (room), how would the system compute the answers, if all the computational ability is within the man. Furthermore, the room cannot understand Chinese.The Robot Reply is due to refutation by Harnard (1989) who argued that meaning is otiose to be attach to the ciphers of Chinese writing due to the lack of sensory-motoric connection. That is, the symbols are in no way attached to a physical meaning, that which can be seen and comprehended. As children, we learn to associate meaning of words by attaching them to physical things. Harnard argues, that the Chinese room lacks this ability to associate meaning to the words, and thusly is unable to produce understanding. Yet, Searles defence is that if we were to further speculate a computer inside a golem, producing a agency of walking and perceiving, hence according to Harnard, the robot would have understanding of other mental states.However, when Searle places the room (with the man inside) inside the robot and allows the symbols to come from a television attached to the robot, he insists that he still does not have understanding that his computational production is still merely a display of symbol stageation (Searle, 1980, p.420). Searle also argues that part of The Robot Reply is in itself, disputing the fact that human cognition is merely symbol manipulation and as suc h refutes the creed of strong AI, as it is in need of causal transaction to the outside world (Ibid, p.420). Again, the system simply follows a computational set of rules installed by the programmer and produces linear answers, based upon such rules. There is no spontaneous thought or understanding of the Chinese symbols, it merely matches with that already programmed in the system. The Robot Reply is therefore suggestive that programmed structure is enough to be accountable for mental processes for cognition.this suggests that some computational structure is sufficient for mentality, and both are therefore futile (Chalmers, 1992, p.3).Further to the Robot Reply, academics from Berkley (Searle, 1980) proposed The Brain Simulator Reply, in which the notion of exactly what the man represents is questioned. It is hereby proposed that the computer (man in the room) signifies neurons firing at the synapse of a Chinese narrator. It is argued here that we would have to accept that the m achine understood the stories. If we did not, we would have to assume that primeval Chinese speakers also did not understand the stories since at a neuronic level there would be no difference. The opposition clearly defines understanding by the correct firing of neurons, which may well produce the correct responses from the machine and a perceived understanding, that is assumed, but the argument remains does the machine (man) actually understand that which he is producing (answering), or is it again, merely a computational puzzle, solved through logical programming? Searle argues yes.He asks us to imagine a man in the room using water pipes and valves to represent the biological process of neuronal firing at the synapse. The input (English instructions) now informs the man, which valves to turn on and off and thus produce an answer (a set of flowing pipes at the end of the system). Again, Searle argues that neither the man, nor the pipes actually understand Chinese. Yes, they have an answer and yes, the answer is undoubtedly correct, but the elements which produced the answer (the man and the pipes) still do not understand what the answer is they do not have semantic deputation for the output. Here, the representation of the neurons is simply that a representation. A representation which is unable to account for the higher functioning processes of the brain and the semanticist understanding therein. Further argument suggests a combination of the aforementioned elements tell apartn as The Combination Reply should allow for intentionality to the system, as proposed by academics at Berkley and Standford (Simon and Eisenstadt, 2002).The thinking is such that combining the intelligence of all the replies aforementioned into one system, the system should be able to produce semantic inference from the linear answer produced by the syntax. Again, Searle (1980) is unable to justify such claims, as the sum of all parts does not account for understanding. Not one of the replies was able to formalize genuine understanding from the system and as such, the combination of the three counterarguments, will still remain as ambiguous as first presented. Searle quotes if the robot looks and behaves sufficiently like us then we would suppose, until proven otherwise, that it must have mental states like ours that cause and are expressed by its behavior if we knew independently how to account for its behavior without such assumptionswe would not attribute intentionality to it, particularly if we knew it had a formal program (1980, p. 421). Searles argument is simple. If we did not know that a computer produces answers from specifically programmed syntax, then it is plausible to accept that it may have mental states such as ours.The issue however is squarely so, that we do know that the system is a computational set and as such is not a thinking machine any more so than any other computational structure. The Chinese Room thought experiment is undoubtedl y notorious and controversial in essence. The thought experiment has been refuted and discredited repeatedly, yet perceivably defended by Searle. His own defensive stance has appeared to cause infuriation amongst strong AI theorists, resulting in questionable counter attacks, resulting in more of what appears a religious diatribe against AI, masquerading as a practiced scientific argument (Hofstadter 1980, p. 433) than a significant opposition.Searle (1980) argues that accurate programming in no instance can ever produce thought in the essence of what we understand thought to be not only the amalgamation of significant numbers of neurons firing, but the underlying predominance which make us what we are, that predominance being consciousness. From a functionalist perspective, with the mind being entwined within the brain and our bodies entangled further, creating a machine which thinks as a human is conterminous impossible. To do so, would be to create an exact match of what we are , how we are constructed and the properties of heart and soul of which we stand. If successful, we have not created a thinking machine but a thinking human a human which alas, is not a machine.Searle (1982) argues that it is an essential fact that the earth is comprised of particular biological systems, particularly brains which are able to create intellectual phenomena which are encompassed with meaning. Suggesting that a machine is capable of intelligence would therein suggest that a machine would need the computational power equivalent to that of the human mind. Searle (Ibid, 1982, p. 467) states that he has offered an argument which displays that no recognised machine is able by itself to ever be capable of generating such semantic powers. It is therefore assumed, that no matter how far science is able to pep up machines with behavioural characteristics of a thinking human, it will never be more than a programmed mass of syntax, computed and presented as thought, yet never ac tually existing as actual thought.ReferencesChalmers, D. 1992, Subsymbolic Computation and the Chinese Room, in J. Dinsmore (ed.), The emblematical and Connectionist Paradigms Closing the Gap,Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.Harnad, S. 1989. Minds, machines and Searle. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 1, pp.5-25.Harnad, S. 1993. institution symbols in the analog sic world with neural nets. Think 2(1) 12-78 (Special issue on Connectionism versus Symbolism, D.M.W. Powers & P.A. Flach, eds.).Simon, H.A., & Eisenstadt, S.A., 2002. A Chinese Room that Understands Views into the Chinese room. In J. Preston * M. Bishop (eds). New essays on Searle and artificial intelligence Oxford Clarendon, pp. 95-108.Hofstadter, D. 1980. Reductionism and religion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3),pp.43334.Reynolds, G. H., & Kates, D.B. 1995. The second amendment and states rights a thought experiment. William and Mary Law Review, 36, pp.1737-73.Searle, J. 1980. Minds, Brains, and Programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, pp.417-424.Searle, J. 1982. The Myth of the Computer An Exchange, in New York Review of Books 4, pp.459-67.