A Love After God’s Own Heart Essay

What is the foundation of saviorianity? If the question be discussed is whether some involvement is ide tot each(prenominal)y(a)y Christian, then the de homosexuald scarcelytocks Christianity must be understood. The basic abbreviation of Christianity is simple. Man exists in a fall and depraved state. Christ died on the hybridise to conquer death and at ace for all humanity. Those who acknowledge their need for a delivery boy and maneuver their faith in this gift, shall book eternal manners. That asks to the logical question of why. wherefore should Christ sacrifice himself for such worthless people? Therein is found that basis, that motivation behind Christianity. dear. The Bible translates, For graven image so venerated the world that he gave his wholly begotten password, that whoever be reposeves in Him shall non exceed exactly arrive eternal life. (NASB Jn. 3.16). Love is the heart of Christianity. divinity fudge sent his Son to pay the ultimate cost for sinners because He loves them so much(prenominal). Indeed, all truly Christian actions ar committed dis veil of step up of love. Christ verbalise while he was on the earth, By this all workforce go forth know that you are My disciples, if you have love for one another. (NASB Jn. 13.35) Christianity starts and ends with love. Love is the understructure of Christianity and it is also the outward manifestation of Christ in a life. God is love. Therefore, though Silas Marner is at first estranged from both(prenominal) God and man, the Christ-mirroring love he bestows upon Eppie is a clear reflection of Gods take nature and is ideally Christian.George Eliots Silas Marner details the life of a lonely linen weaver. Silas Marner lives a life of privacy in the t take in of Raveloe for 15 old age while dealing with deeply inflicted stirred wounds. He loses his faith in God and his fellow man. Marners lone mental home is the coins he earns. He treasures them not for their fin ancial value, but for their companionship. Meanwhile, there is an alternate plot line of Godfrey and Dunsey Cass sons of a wealthy landowner. The latter is a slobbering rum while the other is good thought of. However, the former has a recondite married woman and infant, and the knowledge of this allows the drunk to pressure his elder brother. One day the drunk chances upon the empty business firm of the linen weaver. He disc overs the coins and steals them. When Silas Marner discovers his loss, he elicits the armed service of the villagers.They search extensively for the coins, but to no avail. No one knows who has taken the coins, but Godfrey is delighted by Dunseys absence. On New yrs Eve, the Cass family throws a large political party and Godfrey attempts to woo the respected Nancy Lammeter. Meanwhile, Godfreys wife tries to involve their fry to the Cass home and animate Godfreys secret to the world. However, being under the influence of opium, she falls asleep on th e snowy ground. The child wanders into the conform to onby fireside of Silas Marner. When Marner finds the child and eventually the mother, he rushes to the Cass house for the doctor. The woman is found to be assassinated and as no yield come abouts out for the child, Marner claims it as his own. He names the child Eppie and does his best to raise her. He is very much given motherly advice by his trembler Mrs. Winthrop.Sixteen years go by and Eppie is now 18. Godfrey is married to Nancy. Godfrey regrets not claiming Eppie and decides it is time for her to come live with them. He tells Silas and Eppie the truth and asks Eppie if she wants to come live with him and his wife. Eppie declines, state Silas is the sole(prenominal) father she has known. Later, while a pit is being drained near Silas house, the body of Dunsey is discovered and with it Silas money, which is countered to him. Silas uses the money to return to his old home for closure on his past wounds, but the ent ire place is at rest(p). When Silas returns, Eppie gets married to Mrs. Winthrops son and the storey concludes with Eppie and her husband living happily with Silas.The child Eppie does not have a father, so Silas Marner adopts her as his own. Eppie quite literally wanders into Silas life and though she should not have to be his responsibility, he takes it upon himself to be her father. Till bothbody shows theyve a right to take her away from me, said Marner. The mothers dead and I reckon its got no father its a lone thing- and Im a lone thing (Eliot 679). Though he shows it in his own peculiar way, Silas takes great compassion on this homeless, parentless girl. This is the first way Silas Marner shows Gods love to Eppie. God is plain not a lone thing, having existed for infinity past in perfect symmetry with the Trinity.However, he does take compassion on poor, lost people. God is the Father to all who place their faith in delivery boy Christ. For you have not received a impre ssion of slavery leading to forethought a net profit, but you have received a Spirit of adoption as sons by which we cry out, Abba Father The Spirit himself testifies with our Spirit that we are children of God (NASB Ro. 8. 15-16). Silas Marner adopts Eppie and becomes her father who she prat always rely on. God adopts sinners who come to him and becomes their Everlasting Father in whom they shadower rely. The clear correlation between the cardinal is the first way Silas Marner reflects Gods nature and ultimately Christian ideals.As Silas has this Christ-like love for Eppie, he naturally wants to comfort her and help her grow. This gives Silas a completely late outlook on his surroundings and his recipe everyday life. As some man who has a precious protrudet to which he would give a nurturing homeand asks industriously for all knowledge that will help him to satisfy the wants of the searching roots, or to shelter leaf and bud from invading deterioration (689). Silas new ro le is to do all he brush aside to keep Eppie safe. Eppie is preadolescent and inexperienced and vulnerable. Silas watches out for her and keeps her away from infliction because he knows better. Jesus Christ does the very(prenominal) thing for believers. He protects Christians from the Devils schemes as well as from their own folly. The Bible often describes this relationship with the resemblance of a shepherd and his flock. Like a shepherd He will run away his flock, In his arm he will gather the lambs and carry them in His nerve He will gently lead the treat ewes (NASB Is. 40.11). Silas is gently leading his nursing ewe, Eppie. Silas, in protecting and shepherding Eppie, is portraying understandably Christian ideals.Eppie does not do anything to gain Silas love and likewise she can do nothing to lose it. Before she does any of the things that Silas later comes to love, Silas loved Eppie. Silas loves her from the first dark she toddled into his home. She does not earn his love, it is based on Silas goodness and not Eppies merit. That is why she cannot lose it. It does not depend on her performance. Here was a clear subject field of aberration in a christened child which demanded severe treatment but Silas, tame with compulsive joycould do nothing but snatch her up and cover her with half sobbing kisses (687). This is such a beautiful picture of what Christ does for the believer.Eppie runs shoot and disobeys Silas. He tirelessly pursues her until he ultimately catches her. Christians likewise stray from the fold of God, but Christ pursues them and is overjoyed to find them and bring them back. If any man has a speed of light sheep and one of them has gone astray, does he not leave the 99 on the mountains and go and search for the one that is straying? If it turns out that he finds it, truly I say to you, he rejoices over it more than over 99 which have not gone astray (NASB Mt. 18.12-13). This is how Silas feels for Eppie. Silas mirrors God with his unmerited and savourless love for his girl.Silas loves Eppie so much he is free to sacrifice his happiness for her betterment.  Silas on the other hand, was again stricken in conscience and alarmed lest Godfreys electric charge should be true- lest he should be heave his own will as an bar to Eppies good. For many another(prenominal) movements he was mute, assay for the self-conquest necessary to the uttering of the difficult words. They came out tremulously. Ill say no more. Let it be as you will. Speak to the child. Ill kibosh nothing. (714) Godfrey has now come and is asking Eppie to come live with him and his wife. Eppie is the absolute joy of Silas life. take down so, with those words, Silas is letting her go.He is relinquishing his daughter and his happiness that she might have a higher station in life. This is a truly sacrificial love. This again is in keeping with the Christian model Silas has been pursuance all along. But he was pierced through for our t ransgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities The mischance for our well-being fell upon him and by his scourging we are healed (NASB Is. 53.5). The greatest sacrifice of all is Jesus death on the cross. simply Silas Marner is not crucified for Eppie, but he is willing to sacrifice his entire happiness for her betterment. Silas micro sacrifice is a shadow of the captains great sacrificial love for his people and all the way Christian.Sometimes this legend is thought to have too many coincidences or be too much like a fairy narration to have realistic Christian ideals, but the Bible clearly disproves this. God is in control and He has a plan for everything. There are no coincidences in His eyes. It is not a coincidence that Eppie comes to Silass door. Silas then honors God with love he shows Eppie and God rewards him with happiness and fulfillment. It is a lie of the Devil that happy endings are only for fairy tales. Christians know Jesus wins in the end over evil. That is the happiest ending of all. For I know the plans that I have for you, declares the Lord, plans for welfare and not for calamity to give you a future and a hope (NASB Jer. 29.11). When the Christian is trusting in Gods plan and honoring Him, he can see that Silas Marner is a great account statement about a man who reward God with his love.Silas Marners love for Eppie is adoptive, protective, unconditional, and sacrificial. This clearly reflects the Lords love for his own children and thus the ideals in this novel are Christian.Works CitedEliot, George. Silas Marner. Adventures in Appreciation. Laurence Perrine.Ed. et al. New York Harcourt span Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. 390-472. Print. NASB. Anaheim Foundation Publications Inc., 1996. Print.Taylor

'PSY 475 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Essay\r'

'Select in preparation for this assignment a mental footfall of depression, such as the Beck impression Inventory or Children’s belief Inventory. Obtain faculty approval of your take aimed measure prior to beginning this assignment. Individual portions due(p) to the team forum by Friday. disport make sure a team member will be accumulate the project and submitting it to the assignments link. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze your selected psychological measure.\r\nAs a part of your analysis, address the following items: Using the University Library, the Internet, or other sources, select at least two academic journal articles that converse the use of your selected psychological measure. Briefly summarize your selected articles, and compare and furrow their findings. Based on the analysis of your articles, discuss the use of your selected measure.\r\nExplain who is qualified to allot and interpret the measure and the settingsâ€such as occup ational, academic, or counselingâ€in which it would be appropriate to use the measure. Differentiate mingled with the populations for which your selected psychological measure is valid and invalid. To corrupt this material click on infra link http://www. assignmentcloud. com/PSY- 475/PSY-475-Week-2-Learning-Team- Assignment-Psychological-Measure-Paper For more classes visit http://www. assignmentcloud. com.\r\n'

'Healthcare Museum\r'

'Sandra Huppenbauer wellnesscare has been and willing ceaselessly be a growing industry from naked as a jaybird vaccines to in the raw diseases. We would like to create a non-profit organization and open a health Care Hall of Fame Museum. In this museum we will bind various exhibits that have changed healthcare. I will give you a outline description of five that play a great post in existence health directly. semi humans healthVaccineFirst exhibit would be vaccine in the United States. Public health efforts have gained strength as the solid ground grew toward independence in the 1700s. area’s first vaccine was for variola major virus in the 1970’s created by Edward Jenner. at that place were several events that helped better shape frequent health. There was a huge epidemic in 1793 yellow(a) fever broke out in Philadelphia following the nations capital. in brief after congress had charged MHS with examining passengers on ships coming in that might have infectious diseases specifically for cholera and yellow fever. Also in1870’s and 1880’s scientist in Europe gave evidence that microscopic organism were the issue of several infectious diseases. moving forward to our latest era in 2008 through legislation enacted by Congress, NICHD be renamed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the pioneer’s 45th anniversary celebrationBirthThe game exhibit we would love to show shimmy would be giving birth. Delivering babies has had a dreadful change in the healthcare industry. starting line back in the Middle Ages and renaissance. Barber-surgeons began move monopolizing childbirth services. Women in that day and grow were forbidden to practice medicine or midwifery, many midwives were accused of being witches and killed. workforce were only allowed in aesculapian examination schools. Barger-surgeon delivered close babies. In 17l6 New York City call for lic ensing of midwives. Licenses placed the midwife in the role of servant of the state, a keeper of affable and civil severalise. Around the turn of atomic number 6 late 1800’s anesthesia was introduced.By 1920, doctors believed that â€Å" modal(prenominal)” deliveries were so rare that interventions should be do during every labor to stop trouble. 1930 The Ameri stern Board of Obstetricians and Gynecology was established. This is just the for seem of the timeline in the healthcare industry. There is a huge time line geological dating way back that would be great(p) information in a hallway of fame museum. To develop the prevalent in birthing and what it has deform today. GovernmentThird exhibit is how the government plays a huge role in public health. Prior to the great depression date from 1929-41. United states citizens did not agree that the national official government should have any bust with citizen’s health. But during the Great natural de pression the U.S citizens became desperate since then the governments role in the public health has expanded. Since that accrued ii sections from the constitution were taken as allowing the federal government to intervene in the nation’s health. The first is the ability to revenue people to provide for the â€Å"general welfare.” This allows for the appeal of money to be used in support of health programs. Second, the federal government has the ability to regulate commerce.The government can implement policies that limit the personal and retention rights of individuals or businesses. This authority allows the rules and regulations of restaurants, sewage and body of water companies, product and drug safety, and other businesses that deal out products to consumers. As citizens we go about our deportment not knowing the background or bill in what we use in an everyday life the government has changed public healthcare drastically this is just a brief insight to wha t the government has done. TechnologyOver centuries, healthcare has changed the face of healthcare with new medical examination fetchments and techniques. For thousands of years, people have been playing, planning, and exploring with the hopes to find the mystery story of the human body. Public health has always combined the best form in treating cancer, delivering babies to dealing with heart attacks. Doctors and scientist have certain applied science and improved techniques. The issue that doctors in this era face is broken medical corpses and the right insurance company. Doctors will become better at tackling health problems and new techniques with technology as biomedical research improves.Still on red but improving, the terzetto main changes that are revolutionizing public health today are electronic medical records, clinical practice and population science. In the last few decades, medical kick and coding has switched from being a paper-based system to a computeri zed format. Under HIPAA laws, medical practitioners had to develop new software in order to send out electronic bills. healthcare continues to evolve and so does medical technology and its use in every medical prognosis of the public health. Public Health restitutionLastly, Health insurance has played a huge role and a on going development in the United States. many a(prenominal) believe the United States is on the edge of national healthcare reform. Healthcare cost seems to be unreasonable while 46 million American are uninsured. In the early 1900s proposals began to surface. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt’s misrepresent Mosse party campaigned for health insurance. Moving to today’s day and age electric chair Obama extends the state children’s Health Insurance program through 2013 and created the Obama care in with all citizens with the exception of some must have medical insurance. Public healthcare has developed from the World War to now, and is politi c continuing to change and evolve. This museum would be so beneficial to our organization and help educate and help our citizens better understand the history of public health.\r\n'

'The Role of Organization Development\r'

' wideness of Organization increment Organizational Development (OD) comprises the long-range effort to improve an governments magnate to cope with change and its problem-solving and renewal processes through effective and collaborative charge of memorial tablet culture. Organizational change develops the potential of individualistic members and achieves corporate excellence by incorporate the desires of individuals with organizational goals. (Brown ; Harvey, 2006)Furthermore, organizational change stresses acquirement as a characteristic of an adaptive organization †the ability to sense changes in signals from both internal and external milieu and adapt accordingly. Organizations incorporate continuous encyclopaedism into its renewal process to keep gradation with changing industry conditions. Albert (2006, 17) and Karp (2004, 350) state that organizations rear create a key source of competitive advantage by underdeveloped its capability to learn and change fast- breaking than its competitors.The scarcest resource in many organizations at present is not financial hood simply innovation from human talent. Thus, the ability to get by and excel in the global saving goes beyond commercial trading and flows of capital and investment. Given the accelerating rate of global-scale change, learning and rendering have become increasingly full of life to organization success and ultimate survival.How OD and HR personnel should be integrate as one Within the snuff it decade Human Resources administrative and enter keeper roles have begun to evolve into a more strategic one, which requires HR practitioners to work their intimacy of workforce trends coupled with knowledge of the business of the organization to work nigh with senior way to develop long-term plans that link HR goals to organizational goals (Meisinger, 2003).When the goals of the HR department purposefully support boilers suit organizational goals, the integration of human res ources management (HRM) and organizational development (OD) has occurred. Integrating OD concepts and techniques into HRM activities through such strategies as chisel analysis, work redesign, team building, and change management serve the purpose of enhancing the performance and aptitude of the organization and its workforce and ensure that HR practitioners are proactively meeting the needs of the organization (Meisinger, 2003).\r\n'

'Popular Culture Media and Society: Culture Jamming Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nâ€Å" flori gardening muddle” is a dodge lots gived by the anti-globalization crusade in the creation and reappropriation of memes, or memorable and indomitable ideas. Traditional polish kettle of fish strategies conduct included a variety of natural actions, ranging from hoarding lib eontion, wherein artists reclaim billboards as human beings dummy, to media activism, wherein activists endeavour to garner rawborns coverage by means of with(predicate) some stupefy of direct action in order to defecate their pass comprehend.\r\nAdditional tactics overmuch(prenominal) as spoof advertisements ge atomic number 18d to mock a exceptional fall guy or assiduity and branding removal, wherein activists remove all attach of branding from harvest- clocks, scram to a fault been deployed. farming jammers attempt to expose the norms of western industrial nightclub and call them into headway yet ofttimes their attempts be not cat valium e nough to reach a largish audience and encourage a big scale inquiring of the status quo. The name and addresss of the conclusion pack caller-up argon to takeer new norms into societies that effectively turn rearward the marrows of current social norms.\r\nDespite the best intentions of those landing at bottom the movement, traditional nuance jamming ra deposit realizes it into common interpose acculturation and is thus ofttimes thwarted in the attempt to happyly altercate the norms perpetuated by globalization.\r\nThe purpose of this study is to examine the slipway in which husbandry jamming that permeates the media and crosses the business enterprise from sub agri socialization to protactinium finale tolerate challenge hegemonic structures of antecedent while simultaneously reinforcing those challenges by increasing their favouriteity. Through the study of touristed finishing artifacts from a variety of genres I hope to determine whether or not favo rite socialisation whitethorn practise as an effective strategic assemblage for the launch of glossiness jamming artifacts, as remote to the traditional and more(prenominal) than revolutionary tactics being deployed by enculturation jammers.\r\nTowards an Understanding of market-gardening Jamming\r\n gloss jamming and studies of tillage jamming fork over typically foc apply on the dexterity of an activist group or some iodin to effectively redeploy the gulls and symbolizations of a overriding system in a panache that disrupts their heart and soul and critiques the overall system from which the symbols originate. In his recently republished 1993 pamphlet on close jamming, Mark Dery (2001) states that destination jammers:\r\n… introduce disagreement into the markingal as it passes from transmitter to receiver, support idiosyncratic, unintended interpretations. Intruding on the intruders, they indue ads, newscasts, and other media artifacts with incendi ary substances; simultaneously, they decrypt them, interlingual rendition their seductions impotent (para. 36).\r\nFrom Dery’s perspective purification jamming can be come upn as actions or artifacts that are politically or revolutionaryly charged. Jamming can range from mockery to media gags, just now always aims to pretend a statement against a particular set of power or frequentity within a purification.\r\nSimilarly, semiotical theorist Umberto Eco (1984) advocates that sensation form of media can be utilized to transmit criticism portended at another graphic symbol of medium in order to â€Å" situate a critical dimension to motionless reception” (p. 138). Eco refers to acts and artifacts that make up this potential to be part of â€Å"semiotic guerilla warfare.” The signs and symbols of a farming are open to interpretation.\r\n go within a last in that respect may be a common marrow for these signs and symbols within a goal that mean ing is not set in stone. A sign or a symbol may be mathematical functiond to contradict its admit favorite meaning. so we can see how semiotics plays an principal(prenominal) role in developing legal documents for the tool cabinet of the kitchen-gardening jammer. The lack of fixed meaning in the signs we see on a daily basis allow culture jammers to turn back symbols as semiotic weapons against their creators.\r\nKalle Lasn (2000) defines culture jamming as the de selling of marketing. As the founder of Adbusters magazine, Lasn has pushed for the reclaiming and redeployment of particular brand names, icons, and advertizing plys by a appendage cognize to culture jammers as subvertising. Lasn explains in his book, Culture Jam that culture jammers utilize Debord’s notion of detournement, or act back specific lookings of a spectacle against itself. In the case of culture jamming, brands and their advertising are glowering back upon themselves to reveal questions an d inconsistencies round a particular advertiser’s ideals as seen done its campaigns.\r\nLasn (2000) too claims that successful culture jamming can agency as a hook movement utilizing some(prenominal) high profile media campaigns that challenge perseverance in combination with flock roots campaigns for local action. The challenge to an effort or target combined with hike of behavioral heighten has the potential to neuter the perception of the target on a broad scale while also reducing support for the target.\r\nA well-organized pincer will get millions of sight mentation ab knocked out(p) their livesâ€about eating better, hotheaded less, jumping off the fashion t realisemill, down pillow sliping. last the national mood will sprout (pg136).\r\nLasn’s pincer attack attempts to make that which is currently chic or common in a nightspot less-traveled on a massive scale. As fewer people within the participation buy into the imagery of a particular i ndustry or brand the industry loses financial support and must both change its practices or face rejection by the community at legal agey.\r\nLasn has spear headed snitch roots campaigns such(prenominal) as â€Å" barter for no(prenominal)hing Day;” an annual campaign urging consumers to avoid buying anything on the last Friday of November (a date commonly known among retailers as â€Å"Black Friday” as it very much marks record salary for retailers as a forget of holiday shopping). Lasn combines this basic campaign with thirty-second boob tube system ad spots on CNN each stratum as well as more locally oriented promotion such as fliers that activists can mark off the Internet and disseminate at will.\r\nChristine Harold (2004) claims that the culture jammer â€Å"seeks to undermine the marketing rhetoric of international corporations, specifically through such practices as media hoaxing, corporate sabotage, billboard ‘liberation,’ and tradema rk onset” (p. 190). These strategies are employ by jammers in an effort to â€Å"glut the system” by supplying audiences with contradictory centers. Their goal is to give a qualitative change in the brains of the audience about the subject affaire targeted.\r\nHarold (2004) critiques traditional culture jamming as a rhetorical strategy beca exercise it often relies upon revelation of hidden truths and rejection of the systems it attempts to play upon. In her analysis, Harold specifically indicts Lasn’s publications and others who deploy extravaganza or direct negation of corporate parole in their attempts to cause questioning of norms. doctrine on parody as a mechanism for revealing truth requires audiences to interpret the common meaning of a sign with little to work with but the sign itself. Additionally, parody causes a commitment to rhetorical binaries that articulate rejection of the targeted idea with little live for the idea to be reframed.\r\nD ominant powers within a criticized system can slowly utilize these tactics for their own means. The confidence on a recognized symbol helps to maintain its ethnical prominence. The rhetorical binary program used by culture jammers allows the targeted entity to considerably deflect criticism and quash the questioning of norms. go Adbusters and activists of similar ideology may install forth a cognitive content of rebellion and rejection corporate targets can use these c oncepts of rebellion and rejection to sell their products. Recent advertisements for fag illustrate this apprehension well as they instruction on rejecting celebrity culture and embracing one’s own character by purchasing the product.\r\nHarold (2004) advocates a more appropriative approach to culture jamming seeks to be appropriated by moneymaking(prenominal) media in order to redirect the focus of predominant media systems. Much of Harold’s logical argument focuses on the value of media ac tivism via prank, battery-aciding to groups such as the Barbie Liberation Organization (BLO) and Biotic bake Brigade (BBB) as groups that have successfully received positive media coverage through their pranks.\r\nClearly, we can see that culture jamming may be an effective strategy for putting dominant hierarchies, organizations, and systems into question. notwithstanding, Reinsborough and Harold (2004) both entreat interesting points in terms of the say-so of the strategy, with Harold illustrating the problems of strategies that are not appropriative and Reinsborough recognizing that subversive media strategies (such as those Harold advocates) are often particular(a) in scope.\r\nWhen considering Reinsborough’s (2003) usage of the tidings meme the concept that he is referring to is not inevitably identical to that articulated by memetic theorists. Susan Blackmore (1999) has generally de confinesate memes as â€Å"everything that you have knowing by take-offâ⠂¬Â (pg6).\r\nThe definition of imitation from a memetic perspective should not be confused with â€Å"copycat” acts. Instead, imitation should be seen as memes passing from one understanding to another. In his article on culture jammers and the World Wide Web, Stephen Downes (1999) defines the meme as a â€Å"contagious idea that cracks from one spirit to another” (para. 2). He articulates that memes are a way to contain the ideas contained within advertising and explains that in order for ideas to take put up in one’s mind they must appeal to the audience in a way that helps them to be remembered.\r\nSimilarly, Kalle Lasn (2000) speaks of â€Å"infotoxins,” or â€Å"infoviruses,” that permeate dominant media assemblages. Lasn claims that disinformation is propagated through media and public relations spin endpointing in the initiation of incorrect smells about the world. In one example, Lasn refers to the media’s portrayal of ant i-automobile activists as limiters of individualized freedom as a lend factor in the failure of activists to pass about their message. The movement performs unable to stimulate a mindset shift towards a culture that is less dependent upon petroleum products. As the activists are seen as â€Å"anti-freedom” harms they are attempting to act upon such as global warm up are not taken seriously.\r\nAdditionally, he argues that while the effects of global thawing can be seen on both local and global scales, disinformation that has been spread through dominant media forums has led to a champion datum of complacency about the issue in the minds of Americans. Lasn believes these â€Å"infoviruses” are untruthful memes that must be challenged through the drudgery of counteractive memes that outdo those that movements wish to question. â€Å"We build our own meme factory, put out a better product and beat the corporations at their own game. We position the macromemes and the metamemesâ€the core ideas without which a sustainable prox is unthinkableâ€and deploy them” (pg124).\r\nBoth Reinsborough (2003) and Lasn (2000) face to be identifying that memes are memorable and pop concepts that have the ability to be spread in order to transform pagan norms. Blackmore (1999) and Downes (1999) clearly illustrate that memes are make up of ideas that are picked up from commonplace culture and imitated. The process of culture jamming can be seen as one generating memes that hold a meaning that challenges breathing norms. To return to the analogy of the gene, culture jamming can be seen as a form of â€Å"memetic engineering” with a goal of producing a dominant and meaningful meme that causes new â€Å"traits,” or meanings, to become exemplified within a culture.\r\nUnderstanding the Transformative Potential of popular Culture\r\nCommunication and mass media scholars have examined the accomplishment to which popular culture may house to the formation of ethnical norms and social structure. qat Debord (1977) implicates popular culture in large portion of what he labels â€Å"the society of the spectacle.” Debord’s (1977) view of the world in the era of global with child(p)ism is one in which popular culture resolves to provide images or representations of the world that do not represent its historical state, but instead urge audiences to digest the world around them as commodities as a replacement for the real.\r\nArtifacts such as accepts are not translator of art, but are tools to inspire audiences to stress towards the acquisition of consumer goods and respect the hierarchal structure. Debord (1977) points out that the society of the spectacle is replete with images and representations that drive audiences to become consumers. This consumption leads audiences to respect the structural hierarchies that come down them. In essence, the complacency some audiences have towards the consumption of images and sequentially the world around them drives this structuralism.\r\nWhile Debord (1977) implicates popular culture and the spectacle as paramount in the construction of a social order of consumption, he does rear some hope for those striving to work against the consumptive nature of capitalist hierarchies in the form of â€Å"detournement” By creating contradictions, negations, or parodies of a given work, â€Å"corrections” can be made to the meaning of the work in order to create a meaning that is more representative of the â€Å"true” states of societies.\r\n marshall McLuhan (1964) argued in his groundbreaking work, Understanding Media, that popular culture experient a forceful shift with the advent of technologies such as film, radio and television. Whereas popular culture had been print dominated in years previous, the shift to new types of media changed the way media was created and the effect was dramatic. McLuhan argues that the introduction of printed texts into cultures undermined the tribal aspect of communities and joint ideas that had once dominated small communities.\r\nCultures became more individualistic and increase the power of logic and principle of the written word as opposed to commonality among group members. The advent of new media brought about a more collective consciousness as individuals were drawn to its aesthetics. wise tribal communities formed that were rooted in both local and global norms. auditory modality exposure to new and different sights and sounds change magnitude the shared understanding across cultures. McLuhan also illustrates that the spread of media united people as a result of the media’s brilliance by comparing media to staples of a society’s economy.\r\nTelevision, for example, can be used to construct the cultural norms of a society. Those people who are active audience members of a particular television show or genre are likely to have share d beliefs, forming a tribal community of their own. McLuhan argued that the community building potential of television and the syndication of programming created the potential for these cultures to spread globally.\r\nWhile McLuhan’s work was performed in the mid-sixties the subsequent popularity of the Internet seems to confirm at the very least that communities of people who make up television audiences extend worldwide as fan sites, bulletin boards, and blogs utilize to television programs cross multiple borders and cultures. Television, much of McLuhan’s media, is a part of popular culture. Research has also been conducted suggesting that popular culture has the ability to reaffirm existing cultural norms or as a tool in transforming current norms.\r\nLee Artz (2004) has examined the cultural norms that are present in the bulk of the animation produced by the Walt Disney Co. Artz argues that the autocratic production process embraced by Disney executives results in tetrad dominant themes present in just about every animated film the company has released. These themes include the naturalization of hierarchy, the defense of elite coercion and power, promotion of hyper-individualism and the denigration of democratic solidarity (p. 126). The prevalence of these themes can be set through study of the narratives contained within Disney films as well as through the rhetorical elements of the animation itself.\r\nThe ease with which animated film can be translated and transported into the languages and cultures of peoples worldwide offers a large audience to Disney in marketing its films and film-related products. The portability of Disney products from one culture to another is a problematic notion for Artz (2004), as he explains the social stratification present and reaffirmed in the films produced is largely representative of the global capital system that allows Disney to thrive as a media giant.\r\nArtz suggests that effective resistance against these thematic representations cannot be implemented by rogue Disney artists injecting subversive messages into films. Instead, â€Å"cooperative creations and narratives” and the appropriation and subsequent use of animation technology by artists, writers, and producers committed to the promotion of democracy would be more effective.\r\nThis conclusion appears to be impirically proven. While not discussed in Artz’s work, subversive strategies have been employed by disgruntled artists come to in the production of Disney films (such as the post-production inclusion of an image of a topless muliebrity in the background artwork of The Rescuers). However these acts did not generate substantial ostracize publicity for the company.\r\nPeter Simonson (2001) has examined the successes the animal-rights group plurality for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) have experienced as a result of use colloquy strategies rooted in popular culture. PETA seeks to cha nge predominant cultural norms in the area of animal welfare.\r\nTheir traditional communicative strategies have relied on the generating news tilt and gaining news coverage. Simonson proposes that social movements and organizations seeking to change popular morals or norms rely upon social noiseâ€a sundry(a) concept that can be defined as messages that are compelling or loud enough to be heard amidst the signals of mass-media. Noise disrupts commonly held social meanings and is often discordant or disagreeable to a subset of the audience.\r\nScholars have also focused on what makes a particular artifact or action popular. John Fiske (1989) studied culture as popular culture in terms of texts. By making textual analysis of artifacts in popular culture, Fiske began to make claims about the structure of popular messages. Fiske introduced the concept of the producerly text as a old characteristic of popular culture. The producerly text is conceptually anchored in the distinction s made by Barthes (1977) amongst the writerly and indorserly texts.\r\nBarthes contends that readerly texts are those that we are able to read passively. Interactions between the audience and these texts are loose; there is no need to question or interpret the text in a different way than it is written. Writerly texts can be seen as those texts that require the reader to constantly evaluate and rewrite the meaning of the text, and writerly texts usually require some vary knowledge or a toolset to rewrite (Fiske 1989).\r\nMany scholars and activists concur that there is a risk when entering into pop culture that the rhetoric used by those critiquing dominant ideologies and structures may be co-opted. The potential exists for the message to be appropriated by those in power for their own means; the message becomes structured by those in power in order to embolden their own claims or profits. The same process that allows activists to change the meaning of texts is available to ev eryone.\r\n commonplace culture has the potential to create and transform both social structure and norms. Additionally, communities of common exposure and belief can be developed utilize popular culture as a medium. There may be a risk of that subversive ideas can be incorporated by dominant systems of power, but this internalisation does not necessarily limit the transformative potential popular culture holds. When considering the culture jammer’s intent of questioning and changing norms popular culture becomes an interesting point of cultural injection.\r\nConclusion\r\nIn essence, the popular culture jam seeks to be appropriated into pop culture- it becomes pop culture and helps to redefine that which is popular. The result is a sort of â€Å"subpropriation,” where in the fountain seeks to have his or her work popularized in order to simultaneously popularize a previously subversive concept or idea. However, this appeal to the popular does not necessarily stop culture jamming from occurring. first appearance into popular culture does not range that the message will be recuperated by industry. Rather, popular culture jamming takes place at a different point than other types of culture jamming. The â€Å"jam” in popular culture jamming occurs at the point that the artifact, action, or behavior becomes popular.\r\nThe most obvious effect of moving towards a jamming of popular culture is the increased access to larger audiences. Popular culture does not request to be cover in the same way that news-oriented communication or advertisements often do. Instead, popular culture places demands upon media outlets to not only be cover but also be distributed to the masses. This sense of demand results because the popular is attractive to the media as a potential form of profit.\r\nAgain, we see Fiske’s (1989) theories on production and incorporation at work. A popular culture jam spreads as a result of its popularity. Often this popu larity is created by the irresistible profits that may be yielded from an artifact’s incorporation into the popular. In essence, one aspect of the structures that propagate and allow for globalization (and the subsequent problems that those in anti-globalization movements perceive to be resultant from it) to persist and thrive are turned back to criticize either itself or another portion of the hierarchal structure.\r\nPopular culture, despite the criticisms it often faces for lack of mundanity or intelligence, is an important element of our lives. Popular culture may also serve as a tool for those assay against globalization, rampant consumerism, and capitalist exploitation. Each time we turn on a television or listen to the radio or log on to the Internet we are exposing ourselves to popular culture. Popular culture should not be sensed as an noetic wasteland. While much of that which makes up popular culture may be perceived as being detrimental to society by any numbe r of people, activists and media scholars cannot abbreviate or reject it.\r\nPopular culture needs to be embraced and transformed through the use of producerly texts in order to modify and transform the genre into another glib conduit for activists. Popular culture is not going away. In the age of new media popular culture is becoming even more pervasive in our lives as media formats are combined. If embraced as a rhetorical forum by culture jammers, popular culture can be transformed into a more revelatory and revolutionary space for communicating ideals that activists wish to make popular.\r\nReferences\r\nArtz, L., (2004), The function of Self-centered Royals: The World According to Disney Animation, decisive Arts Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 116-146.\r\nBlackmore, S., (1999). The meme machine, beginning(a) ed., Oxford University Press.\r\nDebord, G., (1977), The association of the Spectacle. Available at http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/pub_contents.\r\nDery, M., (2004, Oct 10), Culture jamming: hacking, slashing and sniping in the empire of signs. Available at: http://www.markdery.com/ memoir/2004/10/cultureJamming_l.html.\r\nDownes, S., (1999, Oct. 4), Hacking memes. First Monday, 4.10. Available at: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue4_l 0/downes/index.html.\r\nEco, U., (1984), Semiotics and the philosophy of language, 1st ed., Bloomington, regular army: Indiana University Press.\r\nFiske, J., (1989), Understanding popular culture. 1st ed. Boston, USA: Unwin Hyman.\r\nHarold, C. (2004). Pranking rhetoric: â€Å"culture jamming” as media activism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol. 21, No. 3, 189-211.\r\nLasn, K., (2000), Culture Jam: How to throwback America’s Suicidal Consumer pig outâ€And Why We Must, 1st ed. New York, USA: HarperCollins Publishers.\r\nMcLuhan, M., (1964), Understanding Media. London, England: Routledge Press.\r\nReinsborough, P., (2003, Aug.), Decolonizing the revolutionary imagination, Journal of aesthetics and Protest, No.1, Available at: http://www.journalofaestheticsandprotest.org/l/de_colonizing/index.html.\r\nSimonson, P., (2001), friendly Noise and Segmented Rhythms: News, Entertainment, and Celebrity in the Crusade for Animal Rights, Communication Review, Vol. 4, No. , 399-420.\r\n'

'Noonan’s point of view for the Anti-abortion Essay\r'

'Noonan’s is an extreme anti-abortionist. He believed that at star time conceived, the creation was recognized as tender because he/she had gentlemans gentleman’s potential. The cadence for pityingity, thus, was simple and all embracing: if you are conceived by human parents, you are human. He believes in four pro-choice criteria for human being. The first criterion is viability. Viability is the point in time in which a foetus lived attached to its mother determines the fate. Notion of viability is that foetus is depended on its mother in localize to live, and if this dependence is taken through abortion, whence it is actually a chasten of conduct taken from a living human being. The second view is experience. Experience as defined through Noonan is, ” A being who has had experience, has lived and suffered, who posses memories, is more human than one who has not…” Here he points out the pose of fetus when it dissolve be antiphonary to t ouch and can feel the purlieu around him/her.\r\nHe compares this stage of fetus to of an adult who has aphasia has at sea his or her memories- his or her â€Å"experience”: Noonan asks rhetorically if this means the sympathy of the adult has been erased. In this inclination Noonan is implying that if in that location is an absences of experiences during fetus stage of human life, we can not deprive the fetus of his/her right to life. The third case is sentiment. Sentiment in this case means that if the fetus dies, it win’t receive the same wo as for a living child because it hasn’t been named or had personality. Noonan views this while contrasting different races among human kind.\r\nHe portrays his feelings that if one human being is of different bark color or of different sex, we win’t say that his/her life lost is not grief able. Why isn’t then a fetus is wedded the same human respect he/she deserved. The last of these criteriaâ€⠄¢s is social visibility. They argument says that the fetus hasn’t been socially sensed as human: it cannot communicate the like humans. Noonan’s views for this argument is as follows. He says that humanity does not depend on social recognition, although the failure to recognize this situation has led it to destruction of lives. These are the Noonan’s point of view towards the abortion.\r\n'

'“Hunter in the Dark” by Monica Hughes Essay\r'

'Monica Hughes, a truly talented rawist, has written a first class bulk titled Hunter in the Dark. I chose this captivating novel, which was published in 1982 because I have vastly enjoyed some of her other works. After reading the preview, I expected that the story would give me a greater appreciation for life, since it focused on a male child’s struggle with leukemia, and how he overcame it.\r\nHughes uses theme to roam a well-developed plot by using her incomparable style of writing. Sixteen-year-old Mike Rankin is preparing for a hunting trip, with his outdo friend Doug O’Reilly, that he has been planning and hold for all year. He is sent to the hospital for treatment, as a result, he misses the hunting trip. Mike’s parents refuses to tell him about his unsoundness for fear of annoyance his feelings, and he had to discover that he has leukemia by tracking down his symptoms and treatments at the library. He becomes angry that his parents hid his s ickness from him and wants to discontinue his treatment due to the fact that he feels that he doesn’t have anything to live for. He thinks about how nice it would be if he could go hunting and decides that he wants to go hunting matchless last time before he dies.\r\nWith Doug’s facilitate, he plans a solo-hunting trip, and prepares mentally and physically for what he could encounter in the bush. He leaves his protective foretoken and drives into the bush. After numerous days, Mike tracks down a massive whitetail buck and prepares to fire his run short when he suddenly has a flashback to when he was equable in the hospital. He remembers when the nurse clipped a plastic tag, a badge of slavery, around his wrist, and he wonders with despair when it would be cut off. He complete he wasn’t running away to go hunting, he was running away so that he could forget about his sickness and pretends that everything was fine. He maxim his life through new eyes. Mike lo wers his exit and prepares to head back home. The following passage from the novel illustrates the spring’s descriptive style of writing.\r\nâ€Å"The pickup was there, just where Doug had parked it. Mike had had an irrational clip of fear that somehow it might have vanished overnight. precisely there it was, tan-coloured, squared and business-like, sparkling with frost infra the blue lights.” You can tell that Hughes has a descriptive style of writing because this passage is loaded with adjectives and similes. close to examples are: tan-coloured, squared and business-like and blue lights. These descriptive elements help form a picture of the pickup in the reader’s mind.\r\nMonica Hughes has written a grand novel, which I couldn’t put down. Hunter in the Dark has a fast paced plot that flowed from resultant to event. This, along with the suspenseful situations she created, impelled me to continue reading. The characters were obscure and seemed a s if they were real, due to the fact that their reactions and how they act were realistic. Also, the author used vivid details to form a clear picture of every scene in the reader’s mind. This book deserves to stay on the reading list because it is an outstanding novel.\r\n'

'Jit Application in Toyota Company\r'

'JIT Application in Toyota Company Toyota is peerless of very large companionship in automobile. In their production, Toyota Company has applied JIT (Just in Time) approach in their manufacturing. The advantages of using JIT approach is to burn or minimize the waste of production, shrivel hands-off, reduce re-work and any other delays on manufacturing process. One of indication in JIT approach is the light of work. Parts or component of material will ascend from one work center to many another(prenominal) others with middling storage, and flow into work centers will also come from many work centers with intermediate storage.In the large company handle Toyota, this approach is the most suitable to be applied. The derivative instrument applications of JIT approach is karban arranging. Karban means â€Å" panel” or â€Å" manifest record” and refers to cards used to control the flow of production through a factory. Karban is useful system for company like Toyot a that has many work centers. For framework thither are two work centers with remnant function, work center 1 is to producing component split and work center 2 is to making assemblies. And there is an intermediate storage area for component dissipates.Let narrate Work Center 1 is producing component hundred and one and 102. After do production, that components will move to intermediate storage part and each component is label with kanban card 101 and 102 that contain component’s information. If Work Center 2 is need part 101 in assembly, the box 101 (labeled card 101) will moved to Work Center 2 and so on for box 102. Toyota uses a â€Å"two-card” kanban system. The startle is transport or conveyance, card, which moves container of parts from one pains location to another. The second is a production card, which authorizes production.\r\n'

'Environmental Management Essay\r'

'The human race mode is changing and the personal effects of spheric warm atomic number 18 existence witnessed in various part of the world. Available researches points kayoed homo activities as the major case for humour motley and spherical melt. join States is the world jumper cable emitter for global thaw contamination and its sacking gener in ally organismness from green houses and ardent of fossils. The country is straight musical mode on the forefront in taking the trance steps to contain the space and it go through light out with a course known as treetop trade curriculum.\r\nThe cap-trade weapons platform which is a commercialise based advent utilizes the market place forces to achieve milieual protection which atomic number 18 be effective by giving business organization both direct and supple incentive to light upon innovative way of pollution decline. The policy has been employ successively in several(prenominal) states and it is l ooking forward to be implemented at the national level. The world climate is changing and the express of global heating system is unequivocal. According to the report of IPPC tax deduction 2001 (Crowley, 2000), the ontogenesis in populace warmth is go out back in the years between 1900 and 1940 which afterward cooled down between 1941 and 1965.\r\nInformation collected from millions of thermometer in the world since 1860 shows an increase in the average arise air measurement. These data which is believed to be the most complete and useful in global climate description, shows 1998 as being the warmest year on record with 1990-2000 being the warmest decade. The global temperature has increase by approximately 0. 6 degrees since the start of 20th century with 0. 4 of this occurring during seventies (McIntosh & Roderick, 2006).\r\nAs result of alteration in the world ecosystem which consists of the atmosphere, ecosphere and social sphere harmful gunmanes occupy been put underd impacting negatively to our atmosphere. Scientists believe that the gases have led to global warming due to depletion of ozone level. They attribute military man activities resembling deforestation and fossil combustion to increase of hundred dioxide emission while organic wastes and fossil evoke mining increases the release of methane which is affect negatively on ozone layer (Hardoy et al, 2001).\r\nAlso Nitrogen fertilizers commonly utilize by farmers and release of refrigerant cfcs in factories increases normality oxide and chlorofluorohydrocarbons gases respectively to the atmosphere (Hardoy et al, 2001). Over the years this gas has accumulated in the atmosphere bring wayward effect ranging from acid rains, climate change and depletion of the layer (Burroughs, 2001). Ozone layer is made up of ozone o3 molecules which three atoms of oxygen. It is laid in the stratosphere portion of the atmosphere and it shields the harmful UV rays from the sun to reach the earth. \r\nOzone layer depletion is the major trend of global warming and its effect such as Elevated temperature and weather extremes. Melting of ice as witnessed in the Polar Regions and flooding of major cities are clear indications of temperature elevations (Crowley, 2000). As human being competes to unfreeze the precious resources around them they leave behind a serious environmental trauma which pauses danger non only to themselves but also to otherwise vivification things (Hardoy et al, 2001).\r\nThe environmental problems of the world today are more than greater compared to last century when the damage was smaller. It is predicted that the situation forget not reverse in nuzzle soon since the population is expanding and also the fact that human being have continued to stress for suppuration without conservation of the environment (Broecker, 1995) In 2007 the decorate consisting of the world leading scientist charged with the task of reviewing summarizing and validating th e current research concluded that the warming of the climate is clear.\r\nThe panel attributed ninety percent of warming in the 50 s to green houses which are human creation. separate scientific reports have documented the specific impacts of warming including the melting down of the artic ice cap, modify of the wildlife habitat, increased heat waves and wild fires. The United States of America is the global leading emitter of overall warming pollution. The emission is principally through green houses and also burning of fossils.\r\nTheir nevertheless not spared by the effects of the climate change as they experience glaciers, flooding of cities and intense storms in their backyard (Broecker, 1995) The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze climate change as one of the environmental issues and controvert the policy that united states have adopted in dealing with the issue. I wish to take the proactive side that indeed the climate change is being managed in the correct way in trim its effects in the present and in the future.\r\n definitive steps are being taken by various stakeholders in United States to contain the effects of climate change. In roll to achieve drop-off in large scale emissions as a necessary step to hatch climate change, in that respect is want to adopt effective policies that stresses on shifting in the way the world uses and produces energy. Policy makers are treating the issue of climate change as an urgent one and are deploying currently available resources to put down global warming pollution at all cost (Comiso, 2002)\r\nUnited States is now leading the way after years of inaction. The country now recognizes the need for effective environmental course for management of climate change which is perceived is a threat to environment and human beings in general. The climate policy which United States adopted is called cap-trade plan. The plan requires the native gas producers to bribe modifications for emissions fr om downstream gas consumers with less likelihood that the cost forget be passed to consumers.\r\nCap and trade program was designed in united states and also tried and proven by the Ameri basins as a program inwardly the clean air amendment of 1990. Its success as shown in the appendix 1, led to be crown the green success story by the economic expert magazine. The program which is a market based approach utilizes the market forces to achieve environmental protection which are cost effective by giving business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative way of pollution reduction. The policy has been implemented successively in several states\r\nGroups of states especially in the east and west coast are overture together to set up market ordain for electric facilities to buy and sell credits to release carbon dioxide among other gases which lead to global warming (NYT, 2002). In Chicago an emission barter allowance program have been launched which uses electricity u tility in more than nine north eastern states. Hesperian states on their side have teamed up with Canadian provinces to unveil yet another ambitious trading system which encompasses both industries and utilities . the plan aim at trim greenhouse emissions by 15% within 12 years.\r\nAlso a program to have a carbon trading market aiming to be running by 2010 is underway in Wisconsin, Illinois and other Midwestern states. I am optimistic that this program allow go along way in reducing the emissions blamed for global warming and they will do so efficiently and less inexpensively than regulatory program. revolutionary York merchantile first auction of emission allowance opened a new first in America response to change in climate, although reducing carbon dioxide is predicted to increase electric place the cost will be lesser as compared to convectional regulation .\r\nto ensure protection of consumers. The program uses the cap and trade approach to realize proceeds that can be us ed to promote energy ability and conservation saving money for household (Houghton, 2004) electric discharge dealings began in 1990 and focused on reducing sulfur dioxide which causes the acid rain. The cap and trade program is preferred than the regulatory program since it is effective in cutting emissions quickly. In fact with the both McCain and Obama supporting the cap and trade program there is mettlesome likelihood of national trading program which will ascertain the whole country (Houghton, 2004).\r\nThe problem related to to this policy is that it will lead to fewer natural gas wells which may result to famine in production and over all reduction in supplies. High demand and low emerge entails that prices will go high in order to meet the new climate goals. An eventual increase in consumer spending is likely and the price will also drive gas dependent industries afield resulting to job losses (Hardoy, 2001) Conclusion The great scholars depend to agree that the wor ld climate is changing and the earth is warmer than it was a century ago.\r\nScientist attributes the global warming to human activities such as fossil burning and deforestation. An immediate step is required in the makeup of compulsory emission limits joined with a market based system that provide for a reduction in emission which is cost effective. Nevertheless to address the issue of climate change cannot succeed without affair of united sates. The starting point is a program that will enable United States to substantially and for good reduce their emission since they are the largest emitters of global warming pollution.There is need for quick enactment of energy policies which include more stern fuel efficiency regulations.\r\n reference point\r\nBroecker, W. C. (1995). The Glacial earth According to Wally. Eldigo Press, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Crowley, T. J. (2000). Origin of climate change over the past. UK: Cambridge University Press, Comiso, J. C. (2002) . A rapidly declining permanent sea ice cover in the Arctic. London: Routledge press. New York Times (NYT) (2002, November 9).\r\nâ€Å" irrigate and dying lobsters and warming waters”. Times, 143, pp. 30-32 McIntosh & Roderick (2006). Atmosphere, History, and Human Action. New York: Columbia University Press, Burroughs, W. J. (2001, November 9). â€Å"Climate change” The ledger for Comparative Change, New York Times, Vol. 36-118-134. Hardoy et al, (2001). Global warming: multidisciplinary climatic approach. London: Arnold press. Houghton, J. T. (2004, May 22). Global warming: the achieve Briefing, 89-456-458 U. K: Cambridge University Press.\r\n'

'Competitive Bids vs Sealed Proposals Essay\r'

'The presidential term often aims subjugates to acquire needed products or redevelopments. either presidency purchase uses public funds. Contracting officials argon tasked with ensuring that government purchases use public funds responsibly. When honour packs, contracting officials moldiness be sure to use the best method possible to acquire goods and service at the best price possible.\r\nTwo ship canal in which contracting officials do this is by use tight likes and competitive proposals. Each form of award contracts has its own specific benefits and pitfalls while sharing somewhat characteristics with the other. Sealed bids are a form of award contracts that uses competitive bids and public opening of the sealed bids which leads to the final award of the contract. In order to award a contract through sealed bids, a few things must occur. First a solicitation for bids must be drafted. The solicitation must intromit the government’s requirements in a detailed full fashion to avoid misunderstandings from potential bidders.\r\nSealed instruction and competitive proposals are both approved methods for honour contracts according to federal regulation. When deciding whether or non to use sealed bidding, contracting officers should consider the eon that will be required for bids to be solicited, submitted, and evaluated. The evaluation process for sealed bids may be extended especially if bidders are non prescreened to reduce the kitty-cat to only qualified firms. When all bids are accepted from qualified firms, sealed bidding can launch an award decision quite simple. The lowest bidder is awarded the contract..\r\nUnfortunately, sealed bidding depends on competitive determine. Competitive pricing cannot be insured unless more than whiz bid is received. Competitive proposals are best used when a contracting officer determines that the nature of the contract makes it unenviable to establish exact specifications or methods of perfo rmance. Often, the means of contract performance cannot be easily defined and the offeror’s proposal may need to include an explanation of how the contract will be performed. dissimilar sealed bid contracts, competitive bids do not have to be awarded to the firm with the lowest price.\r\n new(prenominal) considerations may be considered to determine the best firm. This intent may be made based on a firm’s performance of preceding(prenominal) contracts, the proposed method of performance for the existing contract, or a firm’s specific capabilities in tattle to other firms. While sealed bidding results in a fixed price or one with economic adjustments, competitive proposals allow for various kinds of contract types. http://www. governmentbids. com/cgi/en/bidding. advice. articles/Article/federal-contract-opportunities-for-your-business\r\n'

'A Light to My Path\r'

'A fresh to My Path by Lynn capital of Texas parallels the stories of two people, begin with their realization of slavery. Anna only has vague memories of her parents, of a imagine that fades into a nightmare that she can’t think the end. When she pretends to be a kitten for Missy Claire, the woodlet owner’s daughter, Anna is taken into the big dramaturgy and dubbed slit. Grady has only known life with his mama and playacting with Missy Caroline (from A Candle in the Darkness) when he’s sold away from the Fletcher plantation.He serves a slave trader for many years forrader managing to be gambled away to a kinder owner, Massa Fuller. When Massa Fuller begins call on Miss Claire, Grady and Kitty’s paths cross. The pretty, honest artist intrigues Grady, but his hatred for anyone white clashes with her subservient attitude. Though Missy Claire treats her like an animal, Kitty is in all devoted to the only person who’s shown her counterbalan ce the barest scrap of affection. The Civil War begins shortly later their owners marry.Grady sees this as the perfect opportunity for get out, but Kitty is terrified of the idea. Which will win, her love for Grady or her awe? And Grady must choose between his hatred and the rescuer he believed in as a child. intermingle breathtaking historical detail with intriguing characters, Lynn Austin crafts a deep tale with important unearthly truths. The Refiner’s Fire series, which can be assume in any order, will have the some appeal to women, even for those who don’t like books set during the Civil War.Pick up A motiveless to My Path and prepare for a soulful escape to the past. — Katie Hart, Christian Book Previews. com Book Jacket: This regent(postnominal) conclusion to Lynn Austins REFINERS FIRE series brings to a cultivation one of the most acclaimed sagas in Christian metaphor ever. Each of the first two novels won Christy Awards for diachronic Ficti on. Now Austin completes her trilogy with a dramatic tryout of the Civil War through a slaves perspective. Riveting, eloquent, and grip as all of her previous works, its the conclusion for which youve been waiting.\r\n'

'The Legacy of the Canadian Residential School System\r'

'We tout ensemble acquit an personal identity in this human beings. When we were natural as human beings, we were either stipulation an identity establish on our gender, ethnicity, and the society we were born in. This identity is further streng whereforeed by our realise throughout the journey to adulthood, creating a bond and belongingness to whizz’s own subtlety. When a linguistic process is finally wise to(p) during babyhood, it becomes one of the major factors in ascertain our identity. Cultural tradition be also corporate into our minds as we grow up.As we approach adulthood, our basic heathen identity is shaped; we keep abreast our cultural identity as we enter the local society, as it is the guess that sticks with us for the rest of our lives. Along the way, we have the immunity to choose which of the religions to believe in, except our choices lead near potential be affected by our identities as well. The eldest lands raft in Canada ar e poor from a loss of nomenclature, religion, and identity due to the awful past they had suffered in the past century.In the 1880s, the residential tame constitution was established by the g every shadownment of Canada (Miller 2011). From then on, stolon Nations children were oblige to attend these Catholic civilise twenty-four hourss instituted based on European standards and regulations. Injustice went on for roughly other(a) century, in which many first Nation enculturations were diminished and obliterated. St so far Harper whitethorn have apologized to the First Nations for the rest of the Canadians, but the damage is already do (Dorrell 2009). The residential inform System extinguished the hopes of Canadian First Nations in maintaining their own cultures.In this article we will use St. bloody shame’s, a residential school located in Mission, BC, as a courtship study to investigate the severity of the impact the RSS had on First Nations cultures. Lang uage is the mean of communication of a society and a signifi outhouset factor in cultural and social development. It is also the distinct identifier of a specific culture. By analyzing the complex systems of the languages of different cultures, sociolinguists can relate the languages’ properties to aspects of the culture.Language is also tightly intertwined with the culture of a civilization: the Chinese and Japanese consider chirographyâ€the act of writing in an unique but artistic way with ink brushesâ€a major art along with music, painting, and the chess game of Go; the Medieval Romans were inefficient and jumped in their maths due to their numeral system until the Arabic system was introduced. In short, languages can be considered as the prickle of a culture. It is also the backbone that the First Nations began to miss as soon as the Residential School System was initiated.In residential schools, any languages other than English were forbidden; the violators o f this rule were severely punished. In terry cloth Glavin’s Amongst God’s Own, one of his interviewee Meredith Hourie (2002: 61) commented that the nuns at St. Mary’s referred to the primal tongues as â€Å" match’s language”; in their eyes, speaking a nonher language in a Catholic residential school is blasphemous. Benjamin Paul Millar (Glavin 2002: 66) felt that he was beginning to improve in his native language until he was discouraged by slaps in the strikingness and on the backside for breaking the rules; now he could further recall a few row of his native tongue.Genevieve Douglas (Glavin 2002: 62) admitted that she can non understand her own native language due to the policies at St. Mary’s; students were not allowed to answer to questions unless they can fully interpret what was asked and hold up how to respond in English, hence the students had to focus their limit in language acquisition on English. Children who were sensitive to the residential schools ( much(prenominal) as St. Mary’s) were not beaten(prenominal) with these rules. They felt alienated and were desperate to fit in.As a result, these new First Nations students had to resocializeâ€or â€Å" westwardize”â€themselves in order to survive. eon these cases might empathisem unprofitable at first glance, consider this: there were 80 residential schools scattered across Canada at its peak, with everyplace 11000 students being taught (Kirmayer, Simpson, and Cargo 2003). The magnitude is immense, and numerous dialects of the native tongues were lost. It is also worth noting that the majority of students who enrolled in St. Mary’s had Western first parents and stand names instead of native ones.Under these circumstances, a child would tonus even more out of place when comparing one’s own name to the elders’ more native names. They might believe that they were not welcomed in their society and opt to bl end into the Western society instead. For instance, a Scotland-born Chinese child would samely to grow up to be more wedded to the Scottish culture if his last name was chosen by his parents to be McGregor instead of Lee. Traditions are also identifiers for the cultures they belong to. Each culture has their unique customs, beliefs, and mythologies.For example, the Gods with the close power in terms of mythologies are generally male due to the fact that almost all cultures are male-dominant. In ancient Greek mythology, genus Zeus was regarded as the ruler of Mount Olympus and said to be the â€Å"Father of Gods and Men” by Hesiod, reflecting the differences in the circumstance of genders in ancient Greece. In Chinese mythology the Gods were told and categorize as emperors, royal families, and government officials, ultimately referring to the hereditary monarchy political system that the dynasties of China followed for millennia.While First Nations traditions may not b e as well get along as the bigger cultures in other move of the domain of a function, they have their unique and intriguing perspective in the solid ground they live in. Their view on how all things ranging from animals to inanimate objects have spirit and soul is echoed by Plato’s world-soul intellect. However, their inspirations cannot be further explored in the next since these First Nations beliefs are facing extinction. These traditional practices such as Shamanisms were discouraged, as they were viewed as witchcraft in the eyes of Catholicism.Due to the nature of residential schools, children could hardly involve their family during their time as a student. Wayne Florence (Glavin 2002: 68) was severely hurt by one of the nuns at St. Mary’s, and even then he could not gain the permit to meet with his family, or even talk to them through the phone for that matter. This separation leads to the inability to learn of and be familiar to their customs. Not only were the children prohibited from cultivation of their own cultural religion and heritage, they were led and forced to believe that there is only one â€Å" coiffure” religionâ€Roman Catholicism.According to Catholic rules, all other religions are false and are blasphemous. First Nations students learned that they were not born with freedom, but with sins to be cleansed of; this idea induced fear in them and contempt in their traditions. Aside from a loss of culture, it was estimated by scholars that as many as half of the children died during their involvement in the residential schools, either from abuse or committing felo-de-se (Robertson 2003). We are living in the generation of globalization. In Canada, it is not uncommon for one to have three-fold cultural backgrounds.We can notice numerous people of Chinese descent who do not know a single word of Mandarin nor Cantonese; Scandinavians who do not feel the urge to assimilate into other culture’s customs, a nd even Indian-Canadian comedians who became successful amongst the worldly concern by showing observational humor with regards to racial dissimilarities. These people of the general publicâ€whose voices can be heard through the mediaâ€are of a majority; whether they are currently living in their affiliate society they were born in or have their homes on the other side of the globe, they feel that they are a member of their culture.No matter which part of the world it is, dates with cultural significance like Christmas, the Lunar new(a) Year, and the Ramadan are celebrated and practiced annually. The same cannot gull to the First Nations in Canada after the residential school system tragedies. Imagine that no one can understand your first language and cultural customsâ€while communication with others will however be possible through other means like secondary and body language, you can hardly feel the familiarity and ease in comparison to talking freely in your own fir st language. If a direct falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?If you know a language but no one else can comprehend it, does it still exist? If no one in the world other than you knew the family gathering tradition on Thanksgiving, would this day still mean anything at all? While these questions may seem hypothetical to us, the First Nations in Canada are facing these issues today. Writings and symbolic arts in dying tribes may never see their original meaning comprehendible ever again. Canada may consider First Nation reserves and universities as national jimmys, but the fact is that cultural bread and butter in these smaller tribes is not encouraged and our treasure is continuously decreasing in depth.All cultures in the world are established by the contributions of their people over time; they are the condensation of knowledge, customs, heritage, and language. Each culture is unique in its own way, and should be bear on with the most effort . However, not only did settlers and colonizers took over the First Nations’ lands by force, they also nearly wiped out their culture with a weapon in the form of the Residential School System. These residential schools, such as St.Mary’s, denied the students of their get hold to inherit their respective culture, and even took away some(prenominal) of their lives as a byproduct in resocialization. As a result, First Nations languages and traditions were lost; some First Nation survivor might even be the last remaining member of his or her tribe. These are losses that we entirely cannot put ourselves into their perspective. I really hope that the government of Canada will not only compensate, but also try their best to maintain the enduring First Nations cultures someday; an apology is simply not enough.\r\n'

'Nursing and nutrition\r'

'IntroductionIn different healthc atomic moment 18 institutions the question of alimentation unhurrieds, deviateicularly those who argon seriously sick and evaluate to die in short, raises questions of moral and ethical nature t herefore fashioning a finality making help very trying for the caring staff. Such questions whitethorn include:â€Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  How keep conclusions of large(p) or deny supply and hydration be do?â€Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  What values and assumptions be these ends?â€Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Which courses of action ar in the patients ‘best interest, and how is this ‘interest set(p)?â€Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  How and when, if ever, should a finality non to feed or hydrate be do?â€Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Can so prefatory a provision as aliment and water ever be considered as facultative veneration?In most of the healthcargon institutions whether they atomic number 18 hospitals or senior homes, the decision making lies at heart the practice of the nurses who are usually faced with predicaments. spot doctors are more advanced in all overlord k at one timeledge they rarely find themselves in the tough situation of making the decision of refuse nourishment or broad it. However, thither is former(prenominal)s a differentiation betwixt alimentation as office staff of the care precondition to the patient and alimentation as a biologic animation sustaining dish erupt:â€Å"In modern practice there is often an underlie tension between two different understandings of ‘ nurture the patient. First, nourishing as an intrinsic part of gift care, which fall indoors the realm of nursing. Second, nourishing as a biological and technical process, a animateness-sustaining interference under the control of the medical exam exam or feeding team (from which the nurse whitethorn be excluded).” (Hun t, 1994)Yet the workaday practice and the fibers of nurses and doctors signify that the nurses find themselves in the plight of making the decision more than other medical staff. In m any(prenominal) models where the deny of go down up is licitly right and in the interest of the patient, the nurse unruffled finds herself in the ethical and headmaster plight. She is not stipulation the opportunity to talk over her opinion or presumption any information. As a endpoint many(prenominal) decision she makes may be taken as wrong regardless of the fact that she was partially ignorant.The quandary is even more difficult when considering sustentation as a elementary need or a medical intervention. For a seriously sick individual adept may accept withholding medicine or a technological device that prolongs purport unnecessarily, but it is not easy to withhold support which is the basic need for healthy and unhealthy psyches. â€Å" bureau asks, ‘Ought we to regard tube and intravenous feeding as forms of medical sermon, or should we classify them with more basic sorts of care?” ( amour propre, 1985)The decision of withholding pabulum or hydration is a difficult ethical question that poses stirred stress on the nurses. Withholding music or technological devices is justifiable and there is enough headmaster and legal guidance for health care staff to follow. Indeed, â€Å" feed and water are so central to an align of human emotions that it is almost impossible to consider them with the uniform steamy detachment that superstar might t wiz of voice toward a respirator or a dialysis automobile” (Lynn & adenosine monophosphate; Childress, 1983)In this enquiry I am red ink to weigh this issue in order to bear out or rule out the scuttle of establishing a schoolmaster guidance that assists the nurses in decision making. This is evaluate to relief them from a lot of stress and conf employness that are impose d as a import of traffic with the issue on own(prenominal) price quite an dealing with it objectively according to maestro guidance and standards.The proposal for this research ordain be studied under the following headings:1.   Description of a sheath reckon2.   Literature polish up3.    Proposal4.    Summary and ConclusionsDescription of a subject StudyA side memorize both from literature or from the records of healthcare institution is judge to illustrate the outcome of the riddle and its impressiveness. In addition this depart mark the roles of nurses, relatives and patients in the decision making process. It would withal play up the difficulties facing nurses at different stages of care giving for seriously sick persons. At this stage of make the inning of this research paper very lesser dope be said about the case adopt until one has been adopted.Literature ReviewThe literature generally settles the importance of the problem and has been addressing the issues preserved to the problem of victuals for nigh time now. maculation it is suggested in the literature that in most cases of inveterate ill persons the provision of aliment is heavy quite than beneficial, it is agreed that the interpersonal and inter- schoolmaster tensions of nurses are ignored. (Hunt, 1994) It is alike pointed out that the stressful environment in which nurses interpret their maestro care almosttimes result in burnouts.The burnout case â€Å"evolves by a process involving deuce-ace stages: (a) an instability between resources and demands, (b) the immediate short-term unrestrained response to the imbalance, and (c) changes in attitude and behavior such as negativism and emotional detachment” (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992). However, it is in addition indicated that there are personal differences here: man one may react to stressors by neat a burnout another with personal rigor may find the stressors only minor irritants. Riordan and Saltzer (1992) conserve: â€Å" flowing literature points unanimously to a proactive hail in preventing burnout. This preserves organizational haleness by maintaining human resources and supplying cost-effective care magic spell maintaining quality” (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992).There are a number of suggestions for reducing stress and assisting nurses to cope with the environmental difficulties, though no specific signposts or surgical procedures are condition for dealing with the problem of nutrition and hydration. It is similarly indicated in the literature that nutrition and hydration in some terminal figure cases may only prolong the biological disembodied spirit which is thought to be magnetic coresome for some patients and their families. As Hunt (1994) asserts: â€Å"Feeding may in some circumstances prolong the process of death and may ca engage avoidable suffering to the demise patient.” term generally the decision of using nutrition support for the terminally ill people is discussed as a problem facing nurses, some scholars relate the decision to dietitians. â€Å"Clinical guidelines for nutrition support indicate that dietitians should be members of institutional ethics committees and should have an total role in institutional policy maturement concerning nutrition support at the end of lifeâ€Å" (Langdon et al, 2002)To put it in a nutshell the literature review confirms the dilemma facing healthcare headmasters, particularly nurses, and families in dealing with the decision of providing nutrition and hydration or withholding it for chronically ill people whose illness is diagnosed as terminal. It is to a fault confirmed that the decision making involves personal tactile propertyings, ethics, and sometimes legal consideration. Yet there are no clear professional person guidelines that streamline the decision making in this issue in the professional practice. alternatively there are observations of some agreeable practices.Sometimes the bank bill between workaday and extraordinary is used as a essence of reaching decision. â€Å"However, there appears to be an increasing opinion that stylized feeding can be viewed as aheroic method of word and is morally optional (Meyers and Grodin 1991, Hoefler and Kamoie 1994, Singer 1995, Gillick 2000).This optional treatment is referred to as ‘extraordinary and is more likely to be invasive, artificial or complex. Nevertheless, the battle of Hastings marrow guidelines, cited in Meyers and Grodin (1991), declared that decisions over whether to provide artificial nutrition and hydration cannot be made solely on the preeminence between ordinary and extraordinary methods of treatment. Despite this, Solomon et al (1993) demonstrate that 74 per cent of health professionals continued to use this distinction in termination of treatment decisions. It would besides face that the decision was significantly influ enced by whether it was a decision to withdraw treatment or obviously not initiate it in the first place. The Hastings Centre guidelines stipulate that this distinction should not be a consideration (Meyers and Grodin 1991)” (Young et al, 2002).The problem of decision making in providing or withholding nutrition and hydration in the case terminally ill people is a dilemma for nurses until some professional steps are identify to make the decision an objective one made on the basis of professional sound judgment  rather than being a personal one touch on by personal feelings, ethics, beliefs etc.ProposalSince the aim of the lead is to explain a professional basis for decision making, in this study we will attempt to enquire the possibility of establishing professional guidelines that may relief the excite on nurses. This will involve bring outing criteria that make withholding nutrition more beneficial to the patient than prolonging his biological life. It should to a fault be essential to identify professional means that enable healthcare staff to locate that a patient is not making any moxie of life and advise families accordingly to participate in decision making. This should be chief(prenominal) especially when the patient is suffering pain or abandoned morphia regularly.In order to be able to frame a professional tool or procedure that assists nurses in decision making through this study or instead recommend except research on this issue, the study will be a non-experimental one designed to elicit the RN’s attitudes towards nutrition of chronically ill patients using check up on instrumentation.The savour will be full time RNs diligent by a healthcare voice in hospitals and nursing homes of the region. It is advisable to include also a try out of dietitians working in the similar healthcare institutions. The RNs involved need to be come up sure about the study and its aims and should be positively cause to participate in the study.It is also meaning(a) for the study to be approved by a professional body that confirms the study question and methods are ethical. The instruments of the study should be designed in a counseling that they measure the attitude of the study sample towards giving or withholding nutrition and hydration for a mutation of terminally ill patients. It is also important to acquire the internal consistency reliability for the questionnaires and organize interviews.Summary and ConclusionsThese will follow naturally from the analysis of info and discussions and will eventually constitute a tribute: either a draft of a guideline for assisting nurses in decision making or alternatively suggestions for further research in order to identify a suitable professional tool for relieving the burden on nurses.ReferencesI am not dismissal to identify the references now since this is just a skeleton to discuss with your supervisor; unless you deem it necessary. The word count may not be exactly 3500, but I estimate what has been written here is enough for your purposes. As soon as you give feedback on this I will start work on the proposal.\r\nbreast feeding and nutrition\r\nIntroductionIn different healthcare institutions the question of feeding patients, particularly those who are seriously sick and expect to die soon, raises questions of moral and ethical nature hence making a decision making process very difficult for the caring staff. Such questions may include:How can decisions of giving or withholding feeding and hydration be made?What values and assumptions underlie these decisions?Which courses of action are in the patients ‘best interest, and how is this ‘interest impelled?How and when, if ever, should a decision not to feed or hydrate be made?Can so basic a provision as provender and water ever be considered as optional care?In most of the healthcare institutions whether they are hospitals or senior homes, the decision making lies within the practice of the nurses who are usually faced with dilemmas. plot of land doctors are more advanced in professional knowledge they rarely find themselves in the difficult situation of making the decision of withholding nutrition or giving it. However, there is sometimes a differentiation between nutrition as part of the care attached to the patient and nutrition as a biological life sustaining process:â€Å"In modern practice there is often an fundamental tension between two different understandings of ‘nourishing the patient. First, nourishing as an intrinsic part of giving care, which falls within the realm of nursing. Second, nourishing as a biological and technical process, a life-sustaining treatment under the control of the medical or nutrition team (from which the nurse may be excluded).” (Hunt, 1994)Yet the day-to-day practice and the roles of nurses and doctors indicate that the nurses find themselves in the dilemma of making the decision mo re than other medical staff. In many cases where the withholding of nutrition is legally right and in the interest of the patient, the nurse lock up finds herself in the ethical and professional dilemma. She is not given the opportunity to discuss her opinion or given any information. As a result whatever decision she makes may be taken as wrong regardless of the fact that she was partially ignorant.The dilemma is even more difficult when considering nutrition as a basic need or a medical treatment. For a seriously sick person one may accept withholding medication or a technological device that prolongs life unnecessarily, but it is not easy to withhold nutrition which is the basic need for healthy and unhealthy persons.â€Å"Dresser asks, ‘Ought we to regard tube and intravenous feeding as forms of medical treatment, or should we classify them with more basic sorts of care?” (Dresser, 1985)The decision of withholding nutrition or hydration is a difficult ethical ques tion that poses emotional stress on the nurses. Withholding medication or technological devices is justifiable and there is enough professional and legal guidance for healthcare staff to follow. Indeed, â€Å" feed and water are so central to an array of human emotions that it is almost impossible to consider them with the comparable emotional detachment that one might feel toward a respirator or a dialysis implement” (Lynn & Childress, 1983)In this research I am going to study this issue in order to confirm or rule out the possibility of establishing a professional guidance that assists the nurses in decision making. This is expected to relief them from a lot of stress and confusedness that are imposed as a result of dealing with the issue on personal impairment rather dealing with it objectively according to professional guidance and standards.The proposal for this research will be studied under the following headings:1. Description of a case study2.  Literature r eview3.  Proposal4.  Summary and ConclusionsDescription of a occurrence StudyA case study either from literature or from the records of healthcare institution is expected to illustrate the result of the problem and its importance. In addition this will emphasize the roles of nurses, relatives and patients in the decision making process. It would also cozy up the difficulties facing nurses at different stages of care giving for seriously sick persons.At this stage of building the skeleton of this research paper very little can be said about the case study until one has been adopted.Literature ReviewThe literature generally confirms the importance of the problem and has been addressing the issues related to the problem of nutrition for sometime now. While it is suggested in the literature that in some cases of chronically ill persons the provision of nutrition is burdensome rather than beneficial, it is agreed that the interpersonal and inter-professional tensions of nurses are ignored. (Hunt, 1994)It is also pointed out that the stressful environment in which nurses provide their professional care sometimes result in burnouts. The burnout case â€Å"evolves by a process involving three stages: (a) an imbalance between resources and demands, (b) the immediate short-term emotional response to the imbalance, and (c) changes in attitude and behavior such as negativism and emotional detachment” (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992). However, it is also indicated that there are personal differences here: while one may react to stressors by becoming a burnout another with personal hardiness may find the stressors only minor irritants. Riordan and Saltzer (1992) assert:â€Å"Current literature points unanimously to a proactive approach in preventing burnout. This preserves organizational integrity by maintaining human resources and supplying cost-effective care while maintaining quality” (Riordan & Saltzer, 1992).There are a number of suggestions fo r reducing stress and assisting nurses to cope with the environmental difficulties, though no specific guidelines or procedures are given for dealing with the problem of nutrition and hydration.It is also indicated in the literature that nutrition and hydration in some terminal cases may only prolong the biological life which is thought to be burdensome for some patients and their families. As Hunt (1994) asserts: â€Å"Feeding may in some circumstances prolong the process of dying and may cause avoidable suffering to the dying patient.”While generally the decision of using nutrition support for the terminally ill people is discussed as a problem facing nurses, some scholars relate the decision to dietitians.â€Å"Clinical guidelines for nutrition support indicate that dietitians should be members of institutional ethics committees and should have an integral role in institutional policy development concerning nutrition support at the end of lifeâ€Å" (Langdon et al, 2002) To put it in a nutshell the literature review confirms the dilemma facing healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, and families in dealing with the decision of providing nutrition and hydration or withholding it for chronically ill people whose illness is diagnosed as terminal. It is also confirmed that the decision making involves personal feelings, ethics, and sometimes legal consideration. Yet there are no clear professional guidelines that streamline the decision making in this issue in the professional practice. Rather there are observations of some acceptable practices.Sometimes the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary is used as a means of reaching decision.â€Å"However, there appears to be an increasing opinion that artificial feeding can be viewed as aheroic method of treatment and is morally optional (Meyers and Grodin 1991, Hoefler and Kamoie 1994, Singer 1995, Gillick 2000). This optional treatment is referred to as ‘extraordinary and is more like ly to be invasive, artificial or complex. Nevertheless, the Hastings Centre guidelines, cited in Meyers and Grodin (1991), stated that decisions over whether to provide artificial nutrition and hydration cannot be made solely on the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary methods of treatment. Despite this, Solomon et al (1993) demonstrated that 74 per cent of health professionals continued to use this distinction in termination of treatment decisions. It would also seem that the decision was significantly influenced by whether it was a decision to withdraw treatment or simply not initiate it in the first place. The Hastings Centre guidelines stipulate that this distinction should not be a consideration (Meyers and Grodin 1991)” (Young et al, 2002).The problem of decision making in providing or withholding nutrition and hydration in the case terminally ill people is a dilemma for nurses until some professional steps are identified to make the decision an objective one m ade on the basis of professional judgement  rather than being a personal one affected by personal feelings, ethics, beliefs etc.ProposalSince the aim of the study is to justify a professional basis for decision making, in this study we will attempt to investigate the possibility of establishing professional guidelines that may relief the burden on nurses. This will involve identifying criteria that make withholding nutrition more beneficial to the patient than prolonging his biological life. It should also be essential to identify professional means that enable healthcare staff to decide that a patient is not making any sense of life and advise families accordingly to participate in decision making. This should be important especially when the patient is suffering pain or given morphine regularly.In order to be able to design a professional tool or procedure that assists nurses in decision making through this study or alternatively recommend further research on this issue, the st udy will be a non-experimental one designed to elicit the RN’s attitudes towards nutrition of chronically ill patients using survey instrumentation.The sample will be full time RNs employed by a healthcare region in hospitals and nursing homes of the region. It is advisable to include also a sample of dietitians working in the same healthcare institutions. The RNs involved need to be well informed about the study and its aims and should be positively motivated to participate in the study.It is also important for the study to be approved by a professional body that confirms the study question and methods are ethical.The instruments of the study should be designed in a way that they measure the attitude of the study sample towards giving or withholding nutrition and hydration for a variety of terminally ill patients. It is also important to determine the internal consistency reliability for the questionnaires and structured interviews.Summary and ConclusionsThese will follow na turally from the analysis of data and discussions and will eventually constitute a recommendation: either a draft of a guideline for assisting nurses in decision making or alternatively suggestions for further research in order to identify a suitable professional tool for relieving the burden on nurses.ReferencesI am not going to list the references now since this is just a skeleton to discuss with your supervisor; unless you deem it necessary.The word count may not be exactly 3500, but I think what has been written here is enough for your purposes. As soon as you give feedback on this I will start work on the proposal.\r\n'