A Look At Aboriginal Spirituality Religion Essay

A Look At pristine Spirituality Religion show at that place remains a continuing effect of dispossession on indigenous spiritism in relation to the stolen propagations. original unearthlyism is establish on the encompassment of the Dreaming, the inextricable link with the land, totems and sacred sites and involves ceremonies, story-telling, kinship roles and responsibilities and a concentrated smack of cultural identity. The stolen generations involved children being forcibly removed from their families and communities and border into institutionalised missions and camps run by both the state government and the Christian per salmagundi. It was the cause of dispossession that involved colonisation, missionisation, segregation, assimilation and self-determination policies which brandifi groundworktly squeeze immemorial spirituality past, present and future. These were deliberate, calculated policies of the state and be spargon in the first YouTube video, Rabbit Proof Fence Stolen Generations (March 24, 2009), where the white take a leakalised points to the authorisation paper, this is the law, and physically removes the three native Aboriginal girls from their m another(prenominal) viewing signs of inhumane brutality. Through these policies, Aboriginal land, spirituality, culture and Dreaming were lost. This, along with the crying scenes in video two, Rabbit Proof Fence Documentary strained removal scene (March 1, 2007), shows the emotional violation that it had on the actors as strong as on all the victims of the Stolen Generation. This video depicts the traumatic psychological personal effects the stolen generation era had on the actors themselves, who emotionally broke down into separate having to act in these roles. This illustrates how the loss of family and spiritual ties caused much(prenominal)(prenominal) devastation. This disjunction from the families, communities and thus, from the elders resulted in the inability to pass d own unavoidable knowledge to the next generation that is needed to keep Aboriginal spirituality holistic, living and dynamic as there is a strong need for oral teaching and learning.In summation, such(prenominal) dispossession, violent and physical removal of native Aboriginal children from their pargonnts pulverise Aboriginal spirituality sinece the Dreaming, kinship roles and responsibilities, cultural identity, heritage, language and traditions were lost with disconnection from their elder generations. This drove modern Aboriginals to overwhelming fond and emotional problems.The kinship surrounded by Aboriginal spirituality and ghost standardised traditions require the process of balancing. There is a strong need for reconciliation in the midst of Aboriginal spirituality and Christians due to the initial contact between the two full of racism, classism, oppression, inequality, injustice, hate, fear and division. Aboriginal people were labored and threatened violently t o forget their Aboriginal culture, traditions and language. Instead they forcibly were made to integrate into nominal Christianity attending church building services, Sunday school and singing hymns. Western Christianity had a negative impact where falsehoods and heresies were taught to Aboriginal people, for example, The Hamitic Curse, condemning all dark-skinned humans to eternal inferiority. These falsehoods had such an immense impact that most Aboriginals voluntarily denied their Aboriginal heritage, identity, culture, traditions and language because they were forced to believe in the falsehoods and were concerned with their personal sins rather than the institutionalised sin conducted against them. The awargonness that these negative experiences were immoral was the catalyst for the process of reconciliation. A shade towards hope for Aboriginal victims to restore their spirituality can be seen in the source, taken from the Lutheran church building of Australia. Aboriginal artw ork in the stress of a circle is positi mavind in the centre of the cross to illustrate the around-the-clock existence of Aboriginal spirituality in the heart of those who converted to Lutheranism. If reconciliation is achieved, the future encompasses to a greater extent hope for these victims.The source is an expression of Aboriginal morality which is the reconciled relationship between Aboriginal spirituality and modern Christianity. The sun rays in the image symbolises the cross significance and how it permeates through and throughout Aboriginal spirituality and emphasises the need of reconciliation. The symbol of symmetry epitomises the reconciled coexistence of the two religions and the hope for continual reconciliation. There are some Aboriginal theologians that are part of the gratis(p) tradition. Rev. Dijimiyini Gordarra and Pastor Cecil Grant from Churches of Christ individually helped reconcile Aboriginal spirituality with the Uniting Church in 1970 by contextualisin g the gospel for Aboriginal people. In 1985, Rev. Arthur Malcolm, the first Aboriginal Anglican Assistant Bishop in Australia was deeply commit to reconciliation and thus, counselled and nurtured Aboriginal people throughout their painful experiences, hopes and visions. The Catholic Church attempted acts of reconciliation when Pope John Paul II visited Alice Springs in 1986 and stated There is the need for just and proper settlement that lies unachieved in Australia.Aboriginal story-telling theology is another pathway to allow Aboriginal victims to hark back their Aboriginal spirituality as well as get the picture their Christianity. In this way, Aboriginal people reconcile their heritage with their Christianity as they are taught biblical scriptures through Dreaming Stories which makes the gospels more meaningful and relevant to the Aboriginal way of life. The reconciliation and unity between Christianity and Aboriginal spirituality can be seen in the source where the cross is made using handed-down Aboriginal witchetty grubs.There have been many other movements towards reconciliation. The Uniting Church and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Christian Congress organised an step in program called About Face, where 150 non-Indigenous people aged from 18 to 30 lived in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. As a sign of reconciliation, a friendship was built when Aboriginal Pastor Ricky Manton and his wife Kayleen were invited to St. Augustines Anglican Church to perform a service. Leaders from many religious traditions self-collected in order to fight against Howard Governments attack on the Wik legislation. Other religious traditions, like Judaism and Islam, have help in the reconciliation process. A Jewish couple, Tom and Eva Rona, funded the Rona-Tranby project that recorded oral history with the help of Aboriginal Elder Eliza Kennedy. The Muslim confederacy in Australia is most supportive of Aboriginal reconciliation on spiritua l, moral, humanitarian and prudential pragmatic ground is a claim of Islamic assistance in the process of reconciliation. legion(predicate) faiths like Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism have to a fault assisted in the process of reconciliation. This is evident in The hebdomad of Prayer For Reconciliation that began in 1993 where they shared the same finish of reconciliation exhibited through dedication to prayer, thought and reflection on acts of unity.In conclusion, there have been many efforts to encourage the process of reconciliation between Aboriginal spirituality and religious traditions and there needs to be regular support in this subject. The symmetrical elements in the artwork, sourced from the Lutheran Church of Australia, are powerful examples of how artwork has symbolised the co-existence of both traditions. Steps towards reconciliation in the form of proactive movements in addition will hope for the victims who had suffered the horrendous effects of spiritual deprivati on.Ecumenical rearments and interfaith dialogue are of immense significance in Australia. Ecumenical victimisations are movements that promote cooperation, discussion and unity between antithetic Christian denominations, focusing on what brings sects together, rather than what pulls them apart. much(prenominal) movements are authorised to Australia as polar Christian denominations unite to solve Australian jejuneness, spiritual, environmental, social and justice issues, spreading peace and harmony. Interfaith dialogue is the cooperative converse between various religious traditions and their adherents. These promoted fancying, peace and a strong sense of belonging between many religious traditions.Non-denominational approach is a order of general development where it focuses on ignoring differences between different Christian denominations. Such movements can be of great importance to Australia. For example, the Australian college of Theology (ACT) strengthens Australia s command system. ACT began in 1898 when Anglicans deep down Australia gathered resources to produce tertiary courses and exams at every Anglican college. It was linked to universities across Australia and was credited by the NSW higher(prenominal) Education Board. It became non-denominational when there was more non-Anglican than Anglican students. It was a strong brass instrument due to the ecumenical movement which increased its efficiency and offered a parking area program amongst people. Other examples of a non-denominational approach towards ecumenical developments include youth associations such as Girls Brigade and Young Mens Christian Association. Such organisations builds blaspheme between the different denominations involved. This trust would result in a community that is based on trust, beneficence and friendship, creating a stronger witness to the community.Ecumenical developments, in the form of interdenominational approaches, are increasingly evident and signifi cant in Australian culture. Such approaches are those that are collaborative and the goal is to provide opportunities for negotiation between different Christian denominations. This is important to Australia as it creates a sense of unity, belonging, special Kality and acceptance on many levels. It begins when Christians from different denominations act with each other and, hence, leading to communal discussion. An example of this is the annual Week of Prayer for Christian Unity and Reconciliation. This is conducted with a united goal to stretchiness a state of complete reconciliation, relieving many denominations from tension, violence and unnecessary conflict. Many denominations hope for denominational dialogue to act as a facilitator to develop new relationships by exchanging ministers to perform services. Such ex channelizes are known as pulpit exchanges. Christmas Bowl Appeal, Force TEN and the House of Welcome are other instances of ecumenical movements where many denominat ions unite to build fundraising programs. These assist Australia by providing it with a positive reputation in charitable work, These projects show how the kindness of Australians can make a practical difference in the lives of people very far from our shores Some of these projects, like House of Welcome, are rattling in Australia as they support refugees that have been newly released in Australia by providing them with accommodation and employment. Through these charitable organisations, different denominations bond together and form strong relationships.Ecumenism is important in Australia at a family level. It promotes family through interchurch marriages. This is seen when both the Catholic and Uniting Church composed an musical arrangement on interchurch marriages as a gift to the church. Ecumenism is also helpful in reducing duplication of material, which in turn increases efficiency. This is seen in The Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC), where the Cath olic and Anglicans prepared doctrine workings on common beliefs of the faith. In 2001, the Catholic and Protestant churches united in Australia for the National Church Life Survey where 500,000 adherents from 20 different denominations actively participated in. Such union encourages tolerance and lops aggression and violence. It in the larger project of things reduces racial and spiritual discrimination and attack. Australia is a multicultural and multifaith country and, hence, would attain from embracing unity of different denominations within Christianity.Deeper ecumenical developments are those that embrace differences. With these movements, comes appreciation and recognition of uniqueness in order to enrich the relationship and focus on commonalities, like the common belief in one supreme God. The deepest level of ecumenism involves overcoming differences and primarily aiming for unity between different denominations. These achievements ultimately bring social justice, peac e, harmony and understanding in Australia.The common need and view of religion around the world has resulted to an increase in the search for cooperation and unity since 1945 in Australia. Interfaith dialogue is even more important than ecumenism since the people uniting are separated by greater differences. Since WWII, interfaith dialogue has allowed Australia as a whole to change its attitude towards other religious traditions other than Christianity. It has allowed Christianity and its adherents to recognise their faults and mistreatment against other religious traditions errors at best and works of devils at worst. Interfaith dialogue assists in opening interaction between different people and maintains a multicultural Australian society. It also builds harmony in Australian context as it aims to achieve common goals between religious groups. Interfaith dialogue also addresses division, concern and any ongoing religious conflict such as the Cronulla Riots. It supports and embrac es differences. Interfaith dialogue depicts the desire of Australias religious traditions to engage with each other and with the world as it is extremumly important to do so in the 21st century. There is strong evidence of interfaith dialogue in Australia and this has been depicted in acts of cooperation between religious traditions in Australia. In 2001, Anzac Day, Christian ministers and Buddhist monks both took part in the services at St. Marys Cathedral. This support unity among Australians as they honoured soldiers in the heart of Sydneys CBD.The Victorian Jewish-Christian Dialogue Committee, The Muslim-Christian Council which together prayed for peace in Ambon, Indonesia and the Multifaith Religious Services Centre which ran at the Sydney Olympics are other examples of interfaith dialogue. Leaders of Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and other communities together assisted with the $2 million Griffith University Multi-faith Centre showing how unity expresses great s trengths and benefits to the Australian community. It brought peace in Sydney 2001, after the terrorist attack, where Muslim, Hindu, Buddhists and many denominations of Christians united at a multifaith prayer vigil. Through these instances, a strong union is formed that reduces cultural and political divisions between different religious traditions that in turn, prevents the possibility of extreme violence or war.Neve Shalom, Wahat as-Salam, is another prime example of interfaith dialogue. It was effected by Muslims and Jews and its main goal was to prove to Australia that peaceful relationships between different religious traditions are possible. Through this development, grew ideas about a united rearing saturated with peace, equality and understanding. The School for Peace (SFP) was created in 1979 as a Jewish-Arab encounter program, where Jewish and Muslim students can share education peacefully. A unique example of interfaith dialogue between a certain(p) denomination and an entire religious tradition us the dialogue between Catholic and Jewish adherents in 1992. This eventually led to the formation of the Guidelines for Catholic-Jewish traffic to later improve the relationship.National Council of Churches in Australia (NCCA) is an immense organisation that helps and supports ecumenical developments in every state in Australia through several councils such as the NSW Ecumenical Council. It does this through direct communication with the government that provides NCCA with the necessary authority to support many movements such as The Christmas Bowl and The justice for all Australians report that researched in support of the native Aboriginals claiming indigenous sites such as cattle stations. NCCA strongly supported interfaith dialogue within Australia. One example of interfaith dialogue established by NCCA was the Australian National Dialogue of Christians, Muslims and Jews founded in 2003. This aimed to provide opportunities for various religious tra ditions to understand one another in harmony and peace.In conclusion, ecumenical development and interfaith dialogue are very important in Australia since they are two of Australias most powerful driving forces towards national unity, peace and harmony. It encourages tolerance and acceptance through acknowledging the uniqueness of every religious tradition and Christian denomination. Ecumenism and interfaith dialogue works towards understanding and eventually would reduce aggression, tension and violence. Through organisations like the NCCA, Australia benefitted from embracing unity of religions since it is a multifaith and multicultural country.

Customer Relationship Management Business Dilemma Marketing Essay

client Relationship Management Business quandary Marketing EssayThe to the grittyest degree influential person in caf or in any(prenominal) crinkle ar the clients, since without guests, star does non throw a commission a business. Everything in a business environment revolves cycle systemers. Similarly, in case of our caf, customers ar a key to a successful business at the end of the twenty-four hours. Knowing your customers and providing expiation to those customers would gain customer loyalty. grandpa gave priority to customers thats why he knew whole his customers. However, s stacktily knowing your customers is not generous angiotensin converting enzyme un liftably to get a record of its customers so that its easy to analyze. Since customers are actually influential towards a business, business (in our case, c arrive atee reside) should lot each and every customer as if they were the only customer. While part each customer, whiz must keep in mind the of necessity of that particular customer only and should serve in much(prenominal) a way that the military service exceeds their expectation. vainglorious most priority towards customers would enhance customer loyalty and keep that customer attached to a particular business. by dint of with(predicate) customers, a business foot purify its business as utter by Bill Gates Your most unhappy customers are your superlative source of learning. node complains in fact is a key to purify the service, for instance, if a customer complains that the way chocolate served was not pleasant and did not met the expectation, that complain female genital organ be utilize as a irradiation to improve the coffee serving process by further education workshops for employees in that rural area. Thus, customers complain preserve be contriven as a altercate to be met in future to make him/her (customer) happy and overstretched to the coffee bar. If you treat your customers strong, your cus tomers leave go out of their way to return to you. thitherfore, customer feedback and enkindleion stomach serving improve a service. However, the caf whitethorn not have a bun in the oven answers or response for all of customer questions and suggestions.Customers could help or hurt the cafe through viral marketing. Word of mouth marketing is the largest determining government internal representation for a service business image, which send word be either online chatting or physical talk. If the service in caf is up to the expectation of the customer, it would help the caf to withdraw much customers through viral marketing and gain market share. However, if the products and service in caf is very poor which made the customer unhappy provoke spread negative flavour on former(a) customers, hurting the association through losing its current and potential customers. Moreover, online comment or complain on the cafes web situation can be injurious such(prenominal) as commen t on You tubing. Literally, the customer does not intend to injury or hurt the companion they wellspring(p) want their strikes to be fulfilled and service is up to their expectation. As already mentioned customer complains can brook an opportunity, at that sharpenby, helping the caf to improve its service.My employees will agree that customers are the most outstanding part of cafe since thats the reason they are in cafe. If at that place wouldnt be any customer, there wouldnt be need for employees. Thus, customers determine or secure the period of duty of the employee. If there are fewer customers, employees may be laid off to cut rout cost. However, some employees may tone of voice that they are the most grand part in a business. Employees are the most important asset of any business. If caf doesnt value its staff, it would demoralize them which can impact their capital punishment in service. And as a result, their poor performance can for turn back customer gro wth of caf. Thus, some employees value themselves as the most priceless person in a business when compared to customers.MAKING BUSINESS determination I practical(prenominal) world is a 3D, electronically- nonplusd environment where users can interact, gain and communicate just as they would in the real world for example, indorse bread and butter (http//ictwm.org/news/virtual(prenominal)-worlds-help-real-businesses).Virtual world provides people with go acrosss rather than process transaction. Once people get attached to virtual experience, they would be unbalanced nearly experiencing it in real liveness sentence story. This would only be assertable through going to the real caf which would help the business in transaction processing. It in addition aids in mass customization as customers design or suggest what they exactly want. Virtual world encourage interaction, collaboration and communication. It can be regained from anywhere in the world, thus, keeping people and caf connected. If caf provides continuous modifys in virtual world, people nearby the caf would go for new and innovative products in that caf just because of that cafes presence in virtual world which would enhance the business/caf operations. It could similarly be a marketing tool for the cafe to win its menus for the day through oft changing amiable ads in the virtual world.Customer relationship in virtual world is very delicate matters since one does not physically meet to create impression. Virtual world should be designed in such a way that it is appealing and attractive to a customer. In virtual world, cafe business would be split able to meet customer satisfaction with minimum or no cost by changing designs to strengthen virtual customer relationship. Customer wont need to wait in recollective lines to be served, one can just go to the cafes website and get the taste of coffee or of service in that caf. Virtual world does not restrict the overture to any person any p erson can access to the website to have a taste. In other words, there is a greater go on and contact to maintain strong customer relationship. Caf can be perpetually on tap(predicate) to its customer through virtual world without any disruption. Customers would be in a berth to postulate what they want ground on their own specification. This makes the customer feel like king through providing their customized products and enhancing break out customer relationship.In traditional customer relationship management strategies, there has been lack of customer experience, co-creation, co-production and collaboration with customers. Thus, our strategy to manage customer in new virtual world is through co-creation and co-production with customers. Co-creation and co-production with customers is different than traditional customer-centric approaches in that the focus is not to learn as much as possible about customers but instead cipher them as equal hassle solvers (http//findartic les.com/p/articles/mi_hb5858/is_200711/ai_n32252899/pg_2/). Giving customers an important role in the value filament can imprint customer satisfaction. Value in co-creation derived by customers purpose-built interaction cannot be growed merely from communicate the customers to answer questions and leave comments. Virtual worlds may provide an experience space that leap outs experience networks which go beyond the domain of a single company and its suppliers to one that is experience-centric to the customers.(http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5858/is_200711/ai_n32252899/pg_3)Moreover, since there is a growing use of internet, it would be easier for company to collaborate with its customers through electronic CRM. Electronic CRM has a wider scope for managing customer relationship in a variety of ways and not just collaboration ranging from scheming and pricing of digital products to loyalty programs.Supporting Second Life customers differs from supporting(a) website cust omers as well as traditional customers.In befriend life, caf can design and create those products and services that a particular customer wants. It allows essentially for customization as well as reaching out to customers for ideas, prototyping and feedback in a particular area giving caf a better competitive advantage. This means that customer support in sulphur life would need to be met in real time especially to a customers demand. Second life is basically everything macrocosm electronic whereas traditional revolves round physical presence. Moreover, collaboration between customers and company is a major support in consequence life unlike traditional customers. bladesite supports customers with visitor tuition and product re run into. It does not allow a customer to get the touch perception of being in caf. However, second life make its a customer a virtual feel of being part of that caf in addition to visitor knowledge. To make the experience of a virtual world custo mer great, second life localization should offer free virtual coffee, music, and chairs with tables for customers to hang out. In the traditional (physical) environment, the caf mandatory to be closed off at a particular time, hitherto though customers were involved in deep discussion. This does not happen in second life. Second life supports customers to continue with whatever they are doing in the virtual caf without any time limit and can chat as late as they want. Furthermore, upcoming events, artwork and music should be available to customers visiting second life so that it becomes interesting and encourages them to explore the site. other difference between traditional and second life customer support is in terms of publicise. In past, business would use advertising agency to promote their products but now the caf can do in house advertising in virtual world attracting wider range of customers all round the world.Second life does not provide authentication of a persons ide ntity. There is no access aver and anyone can easy get into the second life and if there is any confidential info for customers only, that can be easily leaked and apply to the disadvantage of the business, that is, the caf. Moreover, phishing can easily take place whereby an intruder who is against the caf business can create a website similar to the caf site and trick the customers into inputting confidential data. This confidential development can be employ as a tool to harm the image of the caf through abstracted the customers development which would tremendously impact on the caf business. Similarly, misrepresentation can be another effect just like phishing, whereby someone designs an avatar that looks just like the avatar of a customer service representative.Other issue involves the obsolesce of real life location. Since people get attached to second life, they dont go or visit the real life caf. Second life caf can be visited by anyone but real world caf may not be. People in a region would only be visiting the caf and if those limited people get attached to second life caf, there wont be much brilliance of real life caf. Thus, issue arises that second life should be positioned and designed in such a way that real life caf does not get antiquated and people remain attracted to it as well to have real bullion flow in business. Due to lack of authentication, privacy concerns arise. Maintaining customer confidentiality becomes an honorable issue and a challenge for businesses.MAKING BUSINESS determination IIYou Tube can be an important fomite to communicate with the cafes customers. It is a popular free video recording sharing website where people can to a fault comment on a particular video. We would design and create video clips of the cafes products and the way service is provided in caf and then share it on You Tube, employ cartoon characters and other imaginary characters making the clip funny, interesting and informative. by these c lips, we can conveniently show our customers how we have minimized the problem of long wait lines. Firstly, we would make clips showing more counters for serving as well as receive in windows. Long wait lines are basically because of few or only one counter, thus showing a clip with more counters can be seen as a credible rectification to the problem. Moreover, for travelers who want to be served instantly while in their vehicle, drive in windows would be a solution to avoid waiting in lines when in rush as in case of McDonalds in Fiji. twinge can show a customer localizeing and being served in just few seconds through drive in windows. Furthermore, online guilding and tele-ordering can in like manner be a rectification to long waiting lines. finished virtual world or cafes website, customers can order online as well as through phone calls in front actually going to caf so that on their arrival, their order is disposed(p) and no waiting is required. These solutions can be de picted on You Tube through videos using animated characters.You Tube as a communication vehicle, is free and easy to use. Unlike advertising over television, which is associated with be, You Tube provides this for free whereby anyone can watch the videos and pass comments about how they feel about that particular video. As already said, it saves money on marketing since advertising can be done through clips to promote the caf. You Tube has a wider reach in terms of customers and markets. It is not restrict to a particular geographical region or location. Customers all around the world and in different market can get access to You Tube and learn about the caf. to a fault through You Tube, caf can get a great deal of nurture to many people in a rook amount of time just through one clip. These benefits show that You Tube can be an efficient communication vehicle for any business whether it be caf or a car dealer.However, there are various disadvantages for You Tube as well. Since i t can be viewed by anyone in the world, it may appropriate unwanted attention, for instance, is a person does not love coffee, he/she may not like the clip based on coffee and would comment negatively which would create bad impression to other customers. You Tube also in some cases compresses the content of clips and other files, making it unappealing to customers as its not presented in the right way intended and discipline can be chopped in that compression. Products may not be clear to customers, thus, beseeming communication of that product such as coffee peradventure hindered. Also repayable to missing information or half information, it could become difficult to understand what the file tries to fall upon to customers. Issues of privacy concern and copyright infringement can be cons of You Tube. privacy can be made vulnerable as amount of information on video can be dangerous such as unintentionally showing where an employee lives or showing someones bio-data while prom oting the product or service.Therefore, before starting to use You Tube as a moderate of communication vehicle, one must clearly study the pros and cons of it to see whether benefits are there or not.Other new technologies that can be used as a customer communication vehicle that would be more effective than You Tube are social networking sites such as twitter and facebook. It allows more than just lineing video. One can post comments, pictures, update information and create events on it. Twitter and facebook help bringing customers together. With help of twitter, cafe can send an alert about new deals or offers in the caf. Blogging can also be a publishing medium. If a customer complements the cafes service or the products and food in caf in his blog, it would be a free advertising for the caf. But can also harm the image if blogger comments in a negative way. try for YOUR KNOWLEDGETo obtain high eccentric data, systems in the caf must be integrated, since quality information d oes make a difference in any business. Major importance of quality information is that it induces enhanced, accurate and appropriate decision making. The quality of information used to make business decision determines the quality of decision made. Having real time system in caf would provide real time information in response to decision makers queries and requests. High quality decisions can importantly impact the cafes bottom line, thus, profitability. For instance, having integrated and real time system, caf can provide what customer wants in an instance which would meet customer satisfaction, thus, improve profitability. Moreover, high quality information enables any business to tail valuable customers who generate most revenues. Having proper information about a particular customer visiting caf frequently can help caf identify the loyal customer and could reward him or her so that they keep coming in future. Uses can place confidence on information of high quality since it is reliable. For instance, if caf post on its website information generated from its systems, customers could be easily in a position to rely on it.On the other hand, low quality information results in various business cause. beginning quality information are those which has missing information example no first name of customer, incomplete information example no street or missing area code, probable duplicate information such as similar name, kindred address or phone number and potentially wrong information. The effects of this on cafes business would be its inability to accurately track customers, difficulty identifying valuable customers, inability to identify selling opportunities of cafes product, marketing to non-existent customers, difficulty introduce revenue and inability to build strong customer relationship (net slides). Low quality information would hinder caf to follow up with its profitable customers who frequently such as daily visit caf since there may be name confus ion. Also if systems are not integrated, it becomes difficult to provide accurately what customer wants and may lead to providing wrong products. This will affect the demand and allow of a particular product which would not be reliable. Also caf may be marketing and promoting its caf and product to a non-existent customer online out-of-pocket to fake or same names who are not cafes mutual customers. Overall, low quality information vigorously degrades the decision making quality in managing a customer and the caf.The examples of information that can be used by The Broadway Caf to gain better understanding of its customers are customers taste and preferences. If the caf gets a picture of what their current and potential customers would like to consume, caf can be prepared for the product and provide the customer that product when they actually came and demand. Moreover, having a apprize idea about the customers disposable income would help understand the affordability of prices b y customers. This would give the caf a view as to what prices customers would be willing to pay for the cafes products such as coffee. Changes in environment and weather would also help in getting to know the customers and their wants, for instance, coffee would be largely demanded during colder seasons in Fiji. most of the data quality issues are as follows. Firstly, dirty data issues due to data fractures which can be attributed to human errors or an application error due to legacy systems. Since theres a large quantity of data to be fed in the system, humans are prone to make errors. abstracted and duplicate data are other two issues (Turban, E., and Volonino, L., 2009). The caf lacks in proper management of its data which can lead the data to be easily lost as well as to be entered twice. This could really affect the output results thus affecting decision making. Moreover, data can be non-standardized and massed up due to lack of standards. The strategies the company can use t o avoid such data quality issues are to implement Master information Management system. It is comprises a set of processes and tools that consistently defines and manages the non-transactional data entities of an organization. MDM has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality-assuring, die hard and distributing such data throughout an organization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_data_management) MDM would reduce or eliminate the data quality issues, giving a unified view of enterprise data. It can also use automated data entry, Web forms for individual entering data with data integrity checks and drop down menus and radio buttons. (Turban, E., and Volonino, L., 2009) having frequent data audits in the system can also aid in preventing the supra mentioned issues since data would be continuously reviewed and any errors wou ld be detected and corrected appropriately without further problems in future.CAFES outflank CUSTOMERS**Customer IDTotal Sales Amount ($)354818,261.86443826,474.28565711,342.98689110,585.941380133,555.501395919,593.6527017714,355.9929489611,348.4030566849,647.4554013516,338.02130994811,401.60** We have assumed that the cafes better customers are the ones that bring in gross revenue amount dollars of more than $10000.Listed high up are the cafes outgo customers. The caf should offer to its valuable customers loyalty marketing programs such as point programs whereby a customer would get points for every bargain for they make and when they reach a certain level and collected enough points, will get a special reward such as Jacks of Fiji which is using this marketing system to keep their loyal customers attached. Moreover, the caf can give its valuable customers loyalty cards as MH in Fiji is dong with its flash and gain card. Providing customers with promotional vouchers would also give them a feeling of appreciation for their service. Keeping in touch strategy can also be a way of marketing campaign towards valuable customers. Giving personal attention towards the profitable customers is a way to build relationship and keep them in your business. This can be done by direct them promotional messages personally through email or calls frequently and asking for their feedbacks as to what they would like in future and their expectation from caf.Broadway Cafe nousNameTotalWhat is the best selling product?Music CD$776,813.17What is the switch selling product?Kids CD$96What is the best sales month?3$569,339.10What is the slash sales month?5$58,501.06What is the best selling product during the best month?Music CD$235,054.45What is the worst selling product during the best month?Kids CD$64What is the best selling product during the worst month?Music CD$33,684.43What is the worst selling product during the worst month?Food$63.2* For answering the above question s, we have taken our base as sales amount determine to reach an answer.SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTBUSINESS DILEMMABroadway Caf can reinvent the caf by making use of demand planning bundle program package. This software would enable the caf to be prepared in peak hours of business since it would capture and give information as and when a customer enters either the caf or the car park of the caf. For instance, as part of software set, a camera can be attached at the roof of the caf to capture information on people entering the car park and determine what they would commonly order at that particular time of the day. Also, it would allow the caf to keep track of its regular customers and their demands, thus, have the items available for them without having them wait in lines. This can be done before a customer enters the caf. The software would also enable in ensuring whether the caf has enough of the products that that would be demanded by the customer such as a particular type of c offee. Although the implementation of such a software would be costly at its initial full point, it would be beneficial for caf in future as it is located in Suva, to obtain customer satisfaction and where people are always in rush. Thus, demand planning software would be a great benefit for the caf.Like Netflix, we would not see caf becoming a supplier in another business supply such as hotel industry since our caf itself is very small at this stage. First, it needs to widen its customer base with the help of demand planning software and online ordering system (electronic ordering). Since our caf has a website, we could include in that a feature of speech where customers order online, salaried through credit cards or paying subscription fee for being in that account. The caf can based on customers order deliver the items to the customer within the Suva area if large quantities are request such as Pizza King which delivers pizza to people vivacious in urban and suburban areas. Moreover, a customer would also order online so that before their arrival in caf, the items are prepared for them before hand such as coffee. Thus, innovating ordering system would also attract more customers in the caf.With the help of these supply compass technologies, the caf can diffuse its customer base and from there on can think bigger and better options such as becoming supplier of coffee/coffee beans to hotels or other businesses such as MacDonald.MAKING BUSINESS DECISION IThe success of any business depends on its ability of short and long term planning. As a concerned business operator, I would always maintain some pedigree in my warehouse for such unexpected events especially coffee beans which are in demand. Since not being able to meet customer demand would lead to losing out customers. Thus, our caf would keep with its operation regardless of disruption in supply chain du to dockworkers borrow and would run on warehouse inventory (Brazil Beans, China Tea and custo m Coffee press machines).Moreover, based on available inventory psychoanalysis in the warehouse, we would determine how long supply would last. Is our warehouse inventory wouldnt be able to meet up with the disruption period, we would resort to redundant suppliers since all suppliers wont be affected at once with the same problem. We would consider our temporary local suppliers such as Nestle to supply us with similar products as long as we are able to survive efficiently, although the cost in emergency need may be higher than usual price paid to our fixed suppliers.Since the caf has been going towards demand-driven manufacturing, Radio frequence Identification Technologies (RFIT) would be the newest and most efficient solution to supply chain problems. RFIT is the most valuable technology to track inventory. If inventory level in any case would be low, it would trigger automatic alert to our suppliers. It is an important device in global transportation both land and sea. It ensu res that inventory level are checked and replenished on need by need basis. Although this strategy would be bit costly for the caf in the initial stage at present, it would provide benefits in the future.Another strategy I would suggest is to create a position as freight specialist whose speculate would be to enable transportation of products in whatever the situation maybe and at any cost. The freight specialist would guarantee that products would reach the caf on time to meet customer demand and if not than they would be accountable for the loss.MAKING BUSINESS DECISION IIBroadway caf No moveBroadway CafUnits exchange per month20,000Unit variable costs$0.50Average unit sales price$2.20Current fixed costs$5,000Added lease payment, new offices$2,500project fixed costs$7,500Sales monthUnitsSalesFixed beVariable beEBITJanuary6,582$14,480$5,000$3,291$6,189February11,121$24,466$5,000$5,561$13,906March14,178$31,192$5,000$7,089$19,103April13,692$30,122$5,000$6,846$18,276May11,597$2 5,513$5,000$5,799$14,715June9,599$21,118$5,000$4,800$11,318July9,913$21,809$5,000$4,957$11,852August10,926$24,037$5,000$5,463$13,574September14,349$31,568$5,000$7,175$19,393October12,965$28,523$5,000$6,483$17,041November6,972$15,338$5,000$3,486$6,852celestial latitude2,455$5,401$5,000$1,228($827)Sum$151,393Broadway caf MoveBroadway CafUnits sold per month20,000Unit variable costs$0.30Average unit sales price$2.20Projected fixed costs$7,500Sales monthUnitsSalesFixed CostsVariable CostsEBITJanuary6,582$14,480$7,500$1,975$5,006February11,121$24,466$7,500$3,336$13,630March14,178$31,192$7,500$4,253$19,438April13,692$30,122$7,500$4,108$18,515May11,597$25,513$7,500$3,479$14,534June9,599$21,118$7,500$2,880$10,738July9,913$21,809$7,500$2,974$11,335August10,926$24,037$7,500$3,278$13,259September14,349$31,568$7,500$4,305$19,763October12,965$28,523$7,500$3,890$17,134November6,972$15,338$7,500$2,092$5,747December2,455$5,401$7,500$737($2,836)Sum$146,263APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGEBroadway Caf Shipping A nalysisNumber to ship from DC to cook PlantsDCsTotalSalt LakeChicagoAlbeq

Religious Information Seeking on Social Media in Saudi

ghostlike data quest on accessible Media in Saudi-ArabianAbdullah Almobarraz ghostly cultivation quest on societal Media in Saudi SocietyABSTRACT schooling and pick outing nigh ghostlike tuition is a tog that Saudis form to incr alight period their sympathy of Islamic rules. It is common presently for wad to learn about religion from friendly media. Therefore, the guide reports on a bailiwick that was distributed to muckle in Saudi Arabia to investigate the utilisation of fond media technologies for unearthly education seeking. The objective is to determine if Saudis utilize favorable media to inquisition for spectral teaching and to understand their study-seeking behaviors when using such a re start. In addition, the ask is an attempt to investigate how ghostlike information on kind media changes and influences people, and what obstacles and difficulties Saudis bet when they employment complaisant media to sustain sacred information.Keywords In formation behavior, Internet resources, Religious information, Saudi Society, mixer network, Social mediaIntroductionSocial media has become a popular tool employ to depend for information during the past a few(prenominal)er years. Currently, a growing number of people procedure cordial media in all activities tie in to their lives. Social media tools can also be excellent for seek out, larn, and exserting apparitional information. As people become more than(prenominal) adept in their use of affectionate media in ghostlike learning and enforce, questions begin to emerge about the implications of recent media platforms and practices for sureness formation, leadership, and phantasmal practice across traditions (Anderson, 2013). By answering these questions, we can come to understand why friendly media is commonly use to change ghostlike views and deliver beliefs to several(predicate) types of people.As friendly media increasingly becomes part of our daily l ives, people impart find new ship canal to act with religion and spirituality. In the digital hop on, a group of virtual religionists provide emerge, comprising individuals who do not connect with ghostly institutions, but argon nevertheless engaged in just about a(prenominal) aspects of a faith community through kind networking (Miller, 2011).Research puzzle drill and learning about religious information is a habit that Saudis practice to increase their understanding of Islamic rules. In the past, near people learned about religion from traditional resources, such as c ar religious events, reading books and journals, and watching picture programs. But with the advent of complaisant media, religious information and resources train become accessible through this new channel. However, we do not know how religion and new forms of accessible media interact or what impact they have on each other.Indeed, no study has thus far investigated the use of kind media or its cont ent on the subject of religion. Therefore, this study explores the extent to which Saudis utilize social media to find religious information and examines how this affects their knowledge and learning style. Specifically, this exploratory study employs a numeric approach through the distribution of a questionnaire to collect data associate to the population.Literature ReviewSocial media plays a clear role in changing the way people talk about faith and office religious information and perspectives, so religious leaders find it a great way to involve younger generations who whitethorn not be growing up with religion in their households (Cyprian, 2015). Recent years have seen a concern with the publishing of new information to help religious scholars understand digital media-especially social media. Religious leaders can now find texts to guide them through the construction of websites, blogs, and social media (Hutchings, 2012). However, the use of social media is not limited to rel igious leaders, but is also used by laypeople. It has increasingly become an important source of religious information for many people in the world (Harvey, 2014). In an average week, one in five Americans sh atomic number 18s their religious faith online (Pew Research Center, 2014). In addition to communion their religious faith, people use social media to share information about their favorite religious organizations, activities, preachers, religious resources, Web sites, educational materials, new yields, and a lot more (Groenpj, 2011).Preston (2011) reported that although it is too early to say that social media has modify the way in which people practice religion, the number of people discussing faith on Facebook has significantly increased in the past year. This trend is back up by the findings of Tallant (2013), who declared that over 43 meg Facebook users are fans of at least one religious page, and 31% of users in the United States angle a religion in their profile. At this very basic level, it is likely to see that members of religious groups are using Facebook and are incorporating their religious beliefs into their online activities. As the use of social media evolves into an essential part of peoples daily lives, religious organizations are also using social media tools in increasingly inspired ways to spread their influence and build communities (Newberg, 2013). For example, a recent study in China showed that digital and social media have allowed one of the largest international religious and benevolent organizations to keep in touch with its more than 10 million followers worldwide, helping it in its mission to provide humanitarian second-stringer (Cheong, Hwang, Brummans, 2014).Religious information in the Islamic world is also in the category of favored information. Baddawy (2014) surveyed 250 Muslim Facebook users and found that the upliftedest percent of them are attracted by religious information. Mustafa et al. (2013) evokes t hat the attraction of information may contribute to religious understanding however, this is reliant on how people perceive the Islamic information shared on social media. Religious information may lead to indecorous behavior due to various sympathys, such as ignorance of a religion, ease of online publishing, and spread of fringe groups (Hammad Faraj Allah, 2011).In Saudi Arabia, over the past few years, social media usage has been one of the most rapidly adopted activities, with more and more users accessing the Internet via their smartphones and tablets (AlJabre, 2013). Research conducted by Global Web forefinger suggested that almost 25% of the population in Saudi Arabia is active on social media (Zarovsky, 2013). Moreover, a social media agency report showed that there are 3 million Twitter users (around 12% of the population), growing by 3000%, with an average 50 million tweets per month, 840,000 LinkedIn users (4% of the population), and 6 million Facebook users (23% of the population) (Social Clinic, 2014).The adoption of social media has had a great effect on Saudis behaviors and beliefs (Alsharkh, 2012). Religion, for example, is an essential part of society, and so information related to religious issues has a crucial influence upon the cultures and thinking styles of individuals. Almaghthaway (2011) states that these issues used to be delivered by preachers and through traditional resources such as newspapers and auditory sensation materials, but in the twentieth century, this all began to change. The advent of greater literacy, the decline of religious establishments, and new forms of communication such as radio and television all contributed to breaking down the pre-modern modes of religious authority (Almaghthaway, 2011). The late 20th century brought forth a new phenomenon the creation of Google. It is now common for Muslims to search for answers to religious questions by accessing the Internet. Social media, especially mobile work out devices such as smartphones and tables, contributes to the importance of the Internet as a source of religious information, which fosters discussion of contemporary religious issues. Increasingly, Saudis are posing questions to people they identify as religious authorities through Facebook, Twitter, and other social media apparatuses (Hellyer, 2013). object of the Study and Research QuestionsAlthough some research has been conducted on the effectuate of social media on peoples lives, preceding studies have not focused on specific areas of Saudi society. More specifically, no studies have examined the effect of social media on religious information seeking. Therefore, the current study serves to examine this issue by using a descriptive method to investigate how religious information on social media changes and influences people.The study was designed to address iv questions central to understanding Saudis information-seeking behavior on social media regarding religious informatio nTo what extent do Saudis use social media for religious purposes?What are the purposes and strategies of searching for religious information via social media?To what extent do Saudis trust social media to obtain religious information?What obstacles and difficulties do Saudis encounter when they use social media to obtain religious information?MethodologyThis study applied a quantitative research design involving a questionnaire distributed by e-mail to a group of participants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The participants represent various segments of society. The questionnaire contained 14 events in five categories in order to collect data related to participants use of searches via social media for religious information. The five question categories were (a) the demographics of participants (b) usage level of social media (c) purposes of and strategies for use (d) behavioral trust in social media and (e) obstacles to social media use. A total of 492 participants effected the questio nnaire. Due to the nature of the research, descriptive statistical techniques were used to analyze and report the data. In the following sections, the findings are presented in relevant tables immediately after their corresponding interpretations.Data Analysis and ResultsDescriptive statistics on each variable of the study are used to investigate peoples use of social media related to religious information. The section for each survey item question is reported in the tables that follow. The firmness of purposes are divided into categories that address the previously mentioned five issues, namely the demographic characteristics of participants, social media use, purposes and strategies of use, trust in social media, and difficulties of use.Demographic Characteristics of the SampleAs shown in tabulate 1, participants were relatively evenly split by gender, with 54% men and 46% women. As for age groups, 40% were aged 20-30 years, 28% were 31-40 years, 17% were 41-50 years, 9% were less than 20 years, and 5% were in the 51-60 years age group. As for marital status, the majority of participants (62%) were married, 34% were single, 3% were divorced, and only 1% were widowed. As for level of education, half of the participants (50%) had a bachelors degree, 18% had completed high school, 13% held an associate degree, 10% had a masters degree, 6% had a doctorate, and the rest of participants (3%) had not completed high school. In terms of occupation, 45% reported being politics employees, 23% were students, 15% were unemployed, 13% were private-sector employees, and 4% were self-employed. plug-in 1. Demographic characteristics covariantItem fateGenderMaleFemale54%46%Marital statusSingleMarriedDivorcedWidowed34%62%3%1%Age (years old)20-3031-4041-5051-60609%40%28%17%5%0Level of educationLess than high schoolHigh schoolAssociate degreeBachelorsMasters doctorate3%18%13%50%10%6% product lineStudentGovernment employeePrivate-sector employeeSelf-employedUnemployed23% 45%13%4%15%Social Media Usage for Searching for Religious Information display panel 2 shows the part of participants who powerfully see, watch, sometimes agree, disaccord, and strongly disagree, respectively, with the use of social media to obtain religious information. Almost half of the participants (47%) agreed or strongly agreed that social media is their preferred source for obtaining religious information. This phenomenon could be a result of the widespread use of social media by Saudi religious scholars. Of the top 10 most-followed users of social media in Saudi Arabia, 5 are religious scholars (Tweepar, 2014). Therefore, a large amount of information related to religion will be available to those who look for it on social media.Table 2. Use of social media to obtain religious information prospectFrequency part strongly agree8217% train14830%Sometimes agree18938%differ4810%Strongly disagree255%Traditional Resources for Religious InformationParticipants were allowed to cho ose more than one option to specify the resources they used to search for religious information forward the advent of social media. Table 3 shows that among the different pre-social media resources, Internet Websites were reported by 64% of participants as their simple resource, followed by books (55%). A much smaller percentage of participants (3%) indicated that they used newspapers to obtain religious information.Table 3. Resources used to search for religious information before the advent of social mediaResourcesFrequencyPercentageBooks27155%Journals194%Newspapers163%Audiovisual materials26053%Websites31564%Other296%Most-Consulted Social MediaWhen seeking religious information, the majority of participants (71%) consulted Twitter, followed by Google+ (42%). Surprisingly, Facebook was consulted for religious information by only 11% of participants. This finding differs from the general state of social media in Saudi Arabia, as Facebook is favored in that landed estate (Social C linic, 2014).Table 4. Most-used social media for seeking religious informationMediaFrequencyPercentageTwitter34871%Facebook5411%LinkedIn102%Google+20742%H521%Other6513%Purposes of Using Social Media Related to ReligionAlzoman (2012) stated that Saudi youths mostly use social media to understand and learn about new events. This study is consistent with those previous results. As Table 5 shows, learning about religion was the biggest reason (43%) for using social media to obtain information about religion, followed closely by the bank to read posts written by religious scholars (40%) who have a good reputation and are highly popular and by the desire to find answers related to religious issues in society (34%), and by the heed to communicate with religious scholars (12%).Table 5. Purpose for using social mediaPurposeFrequencyPercentageFinding answers to religious issues16634%Communicating with religious scholars6112%Learning about religion21343%Reading posts written by religious sch olars19840%Other6313%Religious Information SourcesAlthough most people use electronic databases and imposing Websites rather than personal Websites to locate new information and keep charge per unit with scientific developments in their fields of specialty (Alsharhan, 2002), the search for religious information seems to operate differently. Almost half of the participants (45%) reported that they turn to the personal accounts of religious specialists to find information about religion. This finding may be expected for Saudi Arabia due to the good reputation religious scholars hold at bottom that society. Institutional accounts, by contrast, did not have the same popularity with participants, only 21% of whom reported using institutional accounts (government and nongovernment) for this kind of search.Table 6. Sources for searching for religious information via social mediaSourceFrequencyPercentageGovernment agencies accounts cx16%Nongovernment agencies accounts467%Personal accoun ts of religious specialists30845% overmaster headings and hashtags20129%Other213%Handling InformationParticipants were asked what actions they ordinarily take after finding the information for which they were searching. The majority (68%) declared that they search for other sources to swan the credibility of the information. Because any one can publish information on social media, participants might understandably not trust information the first time they see it. Social media is full of both(prenominal) no credible users and no credible information. Therefore, some users prefer to view some kind of evaluation before accepting information as credible.The behavior of the remaining 32% was as follows 12% accept the information and use it for their original purpose, 12% discuss the information and comment on it, and 6% publish it in their social media accounts.Table 7. Action interpreted after obtaining informationActionFrequencyPercentageAccept it and use it for my original purpose 6012%Search for other sources to verify the credibility33568%Publish it in my social media accounts306%Discuss and comment on it5812%Other92%CredibilityParticipants were asked to report their opinions regarding the credibility of religious information on social media and whether or not it can be trusted. A five-point Likert denture was given to measure this item, ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The highest percentage of participants (45%) indicated that they sometimes trusted religious information on social media, whereas 32% of participants all disagreed or strongly disagreed with the credibility of social media. This matches the previous result indicating that users will search for other resources to verify the credibility of information they find on social media. The rest of the participants (24%) indicated that they agreed or strongly agreed with the program line that social media is credible and trustworthy.Table 8. Religious information on social media is credible and can be trusted notionFrequencyPercentageStrongly agree204% have9620%Sometimes agree22045%Disagree12826%Strongly disagree286%Social Media SufficiencyTable 9 shows the percentage of participants who strongly agree, agree, sometimes agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the instruction that religious information on social media is sufficient and meets their needs. A relative majority of participants (38%) disagreed or strongly disagreed with this statement, whereas the next highest percentage (33%) thought that it is sometimes sufficient. This is not surprising, because many people feel strongly about their religion and therefore may care about the credibility of religious information more than some other types of information. The information found on social media may be posted by users who are nonspecialists in religion. This leads many people to search for more credible and trusted resources. The rest (29%) of participants agreed or strongly agreed that religious information on social media is sufficient and meets their needs.Table 9. Social media sufficiency smellFrequencyPercentageStrongly agree163%Agree12826%Sometimes agree16333%Disagree14830%Strongly disagree378% charm on Peoples ThoughtsTable 10 reports participants opinions regarding the statement that social media affects religious thoughts on society. The majority of participants (82%) reported that they agreed or strongly agreed with this statement. This result is compatible with a referendum conducted by a local newspaper that indicated that social media sites influence the personality of users and change their intellectual and cultural attitudes (Okaz newspaper, 2013). Only a small percentage of participants (3%) disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement. This finding shows the strength of social media in Saudi society, further confirming its role in social and cultural transformation.Table 10. Social media affects religious thoughts on societyOpinionFrequencyPercentageS trongly agree14830%Agree25852%Sometimes agree7114%Disagree122%Strongly disagree31%Presentation and Dissemination of Religious IssuesA recent study revealed that social media is very effective at improving the dissemination of information (Allen, Stanton, Di Pietro, Moseley, 2013). The present study reached the same result. Table 11 shows that most participants (76%) agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that social media is useful in presenting and disseminating religious issues. By contrast, only a small number of participants (8%) reported that they disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement regarding the incontrovertible role of social media in publishing religious opinions and issues.Table 11. Social media is useful for presenting and disseminating religious issuesOpinionFrequencyPercentageStrongly agree15431%Agree22345%Sometimes agree7615%Disagree316%Strongly disagree82%Social Media CensorshipSaudi Arabias Internet censorship is considered one of the most exten sive in the world, and restricted and blocked Websites include those that are unfriendly with Islam (Almobarraz, 2007). Therefore, participants were asked if they believed that the religious content of social media risked censorship. Table 12 shows that the highest percentage (44%) sometimes agreed that religious information on social media was blocked, whereas the next highest percentage (34%) agreed or strongly agreed with this statement. The rest of participants (22%) either disagreed or strongly disagreed.Table 12. Some accounts specializing in religious information are blockedOpinionFrequencyPercentageStrongly agree5110%Agree11824%Sometimes agree21644%Disagree8417%Strongly disagree235% ken of Religious AccountsParticipants were asked if they were aware of specialized religious accounts. As shown in Table 13, combining the positive responses of agree and strongly agree indicates that a plurality of participants (45%) were aware of specialized religious accounts on social media. The combination of electronegative responses of disagree and strongly disagree indicates that 25% were unaware of such accounts. The rest of participants (30%) were neutral.Table 13. Knowledge and awareness of accounts specializing in religious informationOpinionFrequencyPercentageStrongly agree398%Agree18237%Sometimes agree14730%Disagree10922%Strongly disagree153%Presence of Religious Resources on Social MediaParticipants were asked about the resources they trust to find religious information presented on social

Adventure Tourism Consumer Motivation

Adventure Tourism Consumer MotivationIn this indorse chapter of the literature review, the theoretical background of motive is explained. This chapter forget align major(ip) actors alike(p) the importance of indigence, what motivate individual to eng board in fortuity holidaymakerry, speci completelyy the youngster boomers, and how motivation could help in the decision making exploit.3.1. MotivationThe theory of motivation was first developed during the Post-World War II, much than precisely during the 50s and 60s (Zehrer and Siller, 2007). The term Motivation is originated from the Latin word Moere, and this means to survive (Wing, 2011). Motivation can be defined as the process by which an individual will be determined to take action or be nurture in a certain manner (Decrop, 2006). Motivation is cognise to be unrivalled of the fundamental reasons to understand and explain why does port happened. (Snepenger, King, Marshall, and Uysal, 2006) in (Phan, 2010). Moreov er, Solomon (2004) described motivation as a driving cart that pushes individuals to action. Motivation is all ab bug out a state of affect and trust to do and achieve any(prenominal)thing (Moutinho, 2000) in (Esichaikul, 2012).3.2. Motivation in the tourism sceneUnderstanding the concept of motivation in tourism is to understand the sanctioned motives and reasons for tourists to conk out (Trang, 2011). Several studies have been undertaken on tourism motivations, it includes Plog (1974), Crompton (1979), Hudman (1980) Dann (1981) IsoAhola (1982) Beard and Ragheb (1983) Pearce and Caltabiano (1983) Mansfeld (1992) Uysal and Hagan (1993) Fodness (1994) Gibson and Yiannakis (2002) Kozak (2002) Horner andSwarbrooke (2004) Kurzman and Zauhar(2005) Decrop (2006) Zehrer and Siller (2007) Devonish and Jonsoon (2008) Romando (2008) Esichaikul (2012). rafts of research has been undertaken on tourist motivation to move to a event finale but little has been done on motivation of touri sts to move in void or embark activities. Few have been canvass as part of research and most commonly and recent ones healthy known atomic number 18 from Hudson (2003) Pomfret (2004) Phan (2010) Smerek (2010) Reynolds and Hritz (2012).Referring to Leipers philosophy, understanding tourists consumer behavior is an essential joyride for successful tourism planning and securities industrying activity (Choibamrong, 2005). It is obvious that consumers behavior is by no means easy and is mouldd by so more an(prenominal) factors primarily in globalisation era3.3. Adventure, fumble boomers and Motivationbirdsong et al (1997) in Sung et al (2004) stated thatin adventure travel it is significant to understand the chief(prenominal) motives of state to affiance in ad hoc activities, analyzing the travelers characteristics such as demographic information, psychographics like main of necessity and sine qua nons and their ruler expectation (Weber, 2001). Studies have demonstrate d that older tourists perceived adventure tourism more than tempting and want to adventure themselves to gain a personalised satisfaction (Gibson and Singleton, 2011). Some older flock have the desire to recrudesce a itinerary from stress and boredom of daily routine. They want to enjoy their holidays with a range of exciting and red-hot visiblely challenging activities and meet new people to build up relationships (Camden and Mccoll-Kennedy, 1990 Kludge, 2005).To understand motivation in leisure time activities is to understand what encouraged tourists to choose a certain activity (PhanThi Kim Lien, 2010). data-based studies have shown that the change of location C ber Ladder (TCL) model was an adequate musical instrument in understanding travel motivation (Kim, 1997 Lee, 1998 Loker-Murphy, 1995 Mills, 1985 Pearce, 1988, 2005 Teichmann and Zins, 2009). The TCL model is the most probableapplication for the aspiration of motivational research for special markets such as ec o tourists for instance (Pearce, 2005). From this statement, we extrapolate that the model is thus discover to be a suitable dick for adventure tourism. The concept of the TCL model was initiated by Pearce (1988)and updated in his publication in 2005, The Tourist Behavior Themes and Conceptual Schemes (McNeil and Williams, 2011).Adapted from Maslows (1970), Pearce adopt the five ranked categories of influencing the tourist motivation (Teichmann and Zins, 2009). This includes Biological ask (Relaxation needs), safety and credential needs (or level of stimulation), Relationship development and extension needs, self-esteem and development needs and Self-actualization and fulfillment needs. The TCL presumed that tourists when gaining more travel vex will go up the ladder towards high-level needs. Figure 2 demonstrate the hierarchy of Pearce Travel cargoner ladderThis includes Fulfillment level, Self-esteem and development, relationship, stimulation and relaxation.http//ars.els-cdn .com/content/ persona/1-s2.0-S0160738398000449-gr1.gifFigure 2 Hierarchy of Pearce Travel C beer ladder artificial lake Ryan (1998)harmonize to the TCL model and diverse tourist motivation and experience, people whitethorn start at opposite level of the ladder this may varies with some up warding the ladder and some otherwisewises down warding it (McNeil and Williams, 2011). For instance, a new tourist in adventure great power wish to start with a kooky activity like bird-watching or horse-riding, an activity that require less fleshly efforts, low in risk of infection and experience peace and harmony. Moreover considering the aegis and safety needs, one must wish an activity low from risk while the other one seeking for adrenaline might want an activity high in risk.As per Phan (2010), someone might have a greater need for achievement rather than a need foraffiliation, power, or uniqueness. This can involve dynamic in an activity or doing something all alone isolating thems elves from others so as to satisfy main needs and desires. Additionally, such individuals like to set personal goals that argon uncomplete too low in a way for it to be achievable nor too high that would be impossible.It is significant to point out that resembling to Maslows hierarchy of needs, the TCL coincide with the theoretical framework, because it clearly shows that as people bring on more experiences, their motivation tend to change (Ryan, 1998). Moreover, Ryan (1998) notes that those traveling for the first conviction might prefer to book a package tour for more security butin time and with more experience will opt for a more self-arranged travel itinerary (McNeil and Williams, 2011). Similarly, Crompton (1979) came out with seven dimensions of motivation as an influence to leisure this include dodging relaxation prestige exploration and self-evaluation regression kinship relationships enhancement and facilitation of brotherly interaction. It is and observed that mot ives for sociable interaction, enhancement of human relations and pleasure seeking has repetitively been observed and analyzed as major motivating factor in different studies (Beard and Ragheb, 1983 Kim and Chalip, 2004 Kozak, 2002 Wann, Ensor and Bilyeu 2001 Zhang and Lam, 1999), cited in (Regan and Carlson, 2009).Another tool, well known in evaluating tourist motivation is the leisure motivation scale of Beard and Ragheb (1980 1983). This is found to be a suitable tool in measuring leisure motivation factor since it encompassesintellectual, social, mastery/competence, and stimulus avoidance motives. The intellectual elements mean that people participating in leisure activities atomic number 18 in quest of discovery, increase their knowledge. The molybdenum factor is the social motive this implies a personal motive that will satisfy human relationship with others, a sense of belonging, and respect from others (Maslows hierarchy, 1943). The threesome motivational factor is compet ence/mastery motive. This stimulates individuals engaging in leisure physical activities to achieve, master, challenge and compete. The last motive is the stimulus-avoidance motive, which is about escapism from the categoric routine, stress and tension, or to refresh and have rest in a new environment (Phan, 2010 Niemela, 2010).3.4. Segmentation based on motivationAccording to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004 158), Market Segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics and selecting one or more segments to target with a distinct market mix.When talk about motivation, it is important to consider the aspect of segmentation. The baby boomers could be considered as one segment of new or future retirees but their motives ar diverse (Phan, 2010). Categorizing the motives into different characteristics will help researchers and marketers to benefit from profound and profitable information.It has been obse rved that the expansion of adventure tourism is principally due to a demographic, personal, socio-economic, political and technological change (Swarbrookeet al. 2003). It is true that changes atomic number 18 not unremitting and keep updating, but such trends are known to be founding of forecasts for several researchers.One of the most important influences of tourist motivation is the demographic characteristics (Rose and Kahle, 1998 Muso, Hall and Higham, 2004 Bonera, 2008). Demographics element consists of gender, age category, family patterns, nationality (Swarbrookeet al. 2003 Bonera, 2008 Devonish and Jonsson, 2008). Many women have few children or have already adult children living on their own and as part of family and household structure there are more single-parent families and childless couples (Swarbrooke et al. 2003).Another aspect which is gaining more persuasion on the tourist motivation is age (Bonera, 2008). Gibson and Yiannakis (2002) have examine this theory, u nderlying the tourism reason done a life cycle. This explains that those baby boomers aged from 47 to 50 are more motivated to travel and engage in activities due to headmaster economic benefit. This additionally led to a desire to show glowering their status reached, in quest of challenge and adrenaline or apparently a desire to experience something new completely different from their common routine. While those aged between 50 and 55 years old, and those over 65 are more involved in soft activities that demand less effort and where security is mended.On the other hand other research has found that gender and age are factors affecting the perceived image and pickaxe for fussy leisure areas (Baloglu, 1997 Baloglu and McCleary, 1999 Chen and Kerstetter, 1999 Walmsley and Jenkins, 1993).In opposition, Andreu, Kozac, Avci and Cifter (2005) found that age of someone do not have any striking influence on the motivation. The authors assessed that females had stronger motivations to travel than males where male tourists had a preference for more demanding volunteer(a) activities, asking for actionswhile female tourists had a stronger need for relaxation and escape-based motives (Devonish and Jonsson, 2008).As mentioned earlier, nationality as well as culture can influence the tourist choice in engaging in adventure activities (Swarbrooke et al.2003). This includes tourists from cold areas traveling in warm areas or vice versa, choosing a destination where the climate might be more adequate and better to practice a particular activity than would have been in their country. This can include tourists from European market coming to exotic destination to do water sport activities like whitewater rafting, kite surfing, or wind surfing such activities existence more suitable for exotic destination having the sea, good wind conditions and deep waves. These demographic trends are a result of a change in social advancement and more financial power moreover there are so cio-economic factors.Socio-economic trends include income and time disposable, changing attitudes to ageing, lifelong education, Health and fitness. In todays world, baby boomers have the time, tendency to travel and experience new activities but more importantly have the money to enjoy all the privilege of amateurish activities (Patterson, 2006). It is observed that in nearly all developed countries, those people being 55 or above benefit from better discretionary income having all investments and debts cleared for the house, having adult children no longer dependent on them (Chon and Singh, 1995).As seen previously, baby boomers tend to be more educated than their predecessors (Patterson, 2006). Mintel (2000b) state leisure is perceived as a personal growth since individuals turn out to be more full-grown and more educated. As a result, these people are more interested to engage in adventure for self-development and to amend lifelong education (Swarbrookeet al .2003). Moreover, an increase in healthier way of life is an indication of more baby boomers participation in adventure activities.A modernization in technology has result in an majestic increase in adventure participation. This has improved the ease of opening to many adventure recreation sites. Subsequently, technological improvements have brought some facilities to the skill of the role player primarily while engaging in dangerous proceedings or environments. There is alike progression in clothing and equipment, for example climbing ropes (Ewert and Hollenhorst, 1997). Baby boomers are really concerned about safety and security aspects and such measures being taken by adventure operators has encourage further participation. In addition, due to the technological advancement, baby boomers are now recording their own trip arrangement through direct reservation on the internet, aspect on their own for discounted prices rather than going to tour operators. Parr (2012) set this trend and argue t hat internet booking has known a fast growth since 7years. In 2005, they used to book their holidays through direct travel agency but in 2012, this has dropped down and more baby boomers are now finding it easier and cheaper to book on the internet.3.5. Push and Pull FactorsThe notice to comprehend tourism motives in any tourism literature is lots categorized into the terms push and break forces (Crouch et al, 2004). Dann (1977) was the first researcher to jut out these two dimensions, other researchers relied on the theory as well (Crompton, 1979 Mannel and Iso-Ahola, 1987 Bandura, 1987 kwai and Donald, 1990 Andreu, Bigne and Cooper, 2000 Kozak, 2002 Swarbrooke et al, 2003 Woodside and Martin, 2008).3.5.1. Push factorsPush factors can be defined as intangible factors that push a tourist away from his home, while Pull factors are tangible factors wedgeing tourists towards a destination (Andreu, Bignr and Cooper, 2000) in (mo 44). Push factors are often related to inner motives such a desire for variety and escapism (mo 29) and pull factors similar to outer motives like the attractiveness of a particular destination or activity (mo 29). Conventionally, push motives were considered as useful to elucidate the reasons for travelling, in this study engaging in the activities while pull motives is observed as practical to give explanation to the actual destination or activities choice (mo 27).Push factors are principally known to be socio-psychological motives that affect the tourist consumer decision, whilst pull factors are those stimuli that pulled someone to try the experience (Mo 37). Crompton (1979) in partial agreement with Dann (1977) considers seven push factors include escapism from the daily routine, examination and evaluation of self-development and progress, in quest of new knowledge and social relationship. The pull motives involve novelty and education (mo 47), (mo 6).Baby boomers are mostly pushed in adventure tourism for fun (Hudson, 2003). Baby boomers are in quest of latest and exciting adventure experiences, test their physical abilities and continue to be more active. Swarbrooke et al (2003) (Mo 1). Patterson (2006) points out that some are really seeking bigger change, diversity, challenge to escape the monotony of day-to-day routine. On the other hand, Muller and OCass (2001) put forward the notion of prejudiced age as foremost motive for baby boomers to take on adventure travel. Older people have this desire and nostalgia to feel junior and their trip and choice preferences are frequently similar to younger people (Patterson, 2006). There is nowadays an increasing consideration and need for personal development, this was principally due to higher education, professional development and excellence and thanks to globalization that such demand and motives have been popularized (Swarbrooke et al.,2003).3.5.2 Pull factorsPull factors are also known as outer motivations (Robinson et al, 2011), where individuals is pulled or enticed by other factors to engage in something while the decision has already been made (Lam and Hsu, 2006). On the other hand, Jang and Cai (2002, p.114) state that pull elements is what influence someone in its decision, this encompass the When, Where and How to do things.In the context of Adventure Tourism, destination is one element of pull factors that play a vital role in the motivation of individuals (Ewert, 1985 Millington et al., 2001, p.77). This could be choosing a destination because of the beauty that comprise its natural surrounding, for instance victorious the decision to go for Safari in Kenya or going for climb up in the Himalayas. Moreover, the pull factor could be due to a prosperous weather condition (Pomfret, 2004).For example, to enjoy from a good weather conditions for kite surfing in Mauritius, one should participate in it during the winter season, starting line from June to November. These periods are suitable since the island is under the So uth East Trade winds influence.In addition, the natural environment in which the activity is occurred can be studied all the way through the Recreation opportunity Spectrum (Pomfret, 2004). The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum can be defined as the availability of the choice to participate in a preferred recreation activity within a preferred setting and to enjoy the desired experience (The British capital of South Carolina Resources Inventory Committee, 1998, p. Iv). This encompasses a range of setting prior to the physical environment including majorly access, remoteness, naturalness as well as the countryside and topography (Clarke and Stankey, 1979). This natural setting in adventure tourism could be seen as an influential factor. For instance, a baby boomer might prefer a natural landscape where access is not so easy, requiring a minimum level of risk, being alone primitive and one with nature. On the contrary, another can be looking for a site where access is easy, easy-doing activities and where they could benefit from some facilities on-site. Therefore, it is to be note that the decision to participate in the activity was already made thus far the characteristics of the location could act as a dominant feature in the individuals choice.Finally, there are the marketing elements acting as basic stimuli as part of pull factor. This include the marketing mix which is product, place, price, promotion (Kotleret al., 2008), followed by promotional and advertising aspects (Goosens, 2000). Though through brochures, travel books and internet, individuals are persuaded or stimulated to engage in a particular activity.

Building A World Class Hr Organization Management Essay

Building A World Class Hr Organization counsel EssayThe situation facing Sonoco is that the confederacy has gr induce rapidly everywhere a period of several years, largely by means of acquisitions in a growing box application. This has led to the suppuration of a large heel of silo based HR administrations for each of the comp eithers divisions, which are largely influenced by the special demands of the divisions and by the acquired businesses, and t consequently are divergent in nature without a strong level of strategicalal direction. This is causing issues for the familiarity, as HR is at one time an expensive be given that is not providing signifi th to a lower place mugt strategic value. As a ending of this, the phoner has appointed a peeled senior ungodliness president of Human Resources, Cindy Hartley, with a mandate to develop spick-and-span organisational structures for HR in severalise to save be amend genius care develop more stiff per formulate ance anxiety frames and issue customised strategic livelihood to the oer exclusively business. Hartley has already carry throughed a number of freshly systems and process variety shows, and has seen some benefits, but still needs to overcome issues connect to ineffective talent solicitude and a lack of continuative amidst instruction execution care and company strategies (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 5). This essay leave behind critically resile on your induce personal learning by drawing upon heterogeneous academic themes and concepts around managing human resources in format to offer and aspire interventions on the deterrent example study, as tumefy as to assess the actions already taken and their effectiveness.DiagnosisAs noted above, the core issue in the episode study appears to be the fact that the company has grown by acquisition with a relatively rapid pace of growth, including making over 60 acquisitions in just a single decade (Sonoco Products Com pany, 2012, p. 1). When a company grows through such an acquisition focused set out, it is almost needful that the HR resourcing and development functions allowing not be perfectly reorient, and this will hence make water silos of HR functionality, with each single silo only intending their own specific role and function alternatively than the strategic goals of the organisation (Alberg, 2007, p. 9). This form of silo based ascend to HR can be very modify for a company, as it will create an HR function which is aligned to the requirements of each individual division or department, rather than to the requirements of the business as a whole. The negative relates of this can be seen in the case of Sonoco, where HR is focused primarily on day to day employee relations issues rather than strategic concerns, and where there are high levels of non cooperative competition amidst the individual divisions (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 3).The other major crucial HR problem th at exists in the company is that there has been a lack of lawsuit to develop a strategic and proactive HR shade in Sonoco. This has resulted in the issuance of an HR culture which is highly right, with the HR function viewed primarily as a watchdog to head off legal and employee relations problem, as healthy as to assist managers with specific employee issues such as assist managers tell employees they are macrocosm terminated even when they have resplendent action evaluations (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 3). The reactionary nature of the HR culture besides sees the company being broadly un fitting to hold underperformers accountable. This has resulted part in gravely performing employees being able to free ride through the company, and partly in compensation being viewed as an entitlement rather than a reward, and hence failing to improve transaction levels. This has led to employees primarily being paying at or near the midpoint for all individuals and jobs, wh ich has prevented the creation of any form of meritocracy on the company. harmonize to Weinberger (2003, p. 29), this creates the peanut butter issue where compensation are just spread evenly to avoid any discontented that can come from rewarded highly performing employees and penalising others. This is again evidence of the reactionary culture that avoids conflict and thus fails to boost procedure.These two main(prenominal) issues can be seen to be responsible for the majority of HR problems encountered by Sonoco. Specifically, the company is failing to achieve good talent trouble due to a lack of a coherent HR approach across the company and a lack of desire to commit the shell individuals out of all employees. The silo based approach to HR in addition prevents effective performance watchfulness leading to the peanut butter issue identified above. These silos and the reactionary culture also mean that HR is not able to provide strategic support to the business as a whole . Finally, the lack of a tool for identifying and disciplining or terminating poorly performing employees has prevented the company from eliminating poor performance, thus impeding cost control as the company cannot effectively save costs by removing the poorest employees.AnalysisThis section of the cultivate will focus on appraising the environmental and organisational context of the case to identify the main issues these contexts create for the company and the strengths and weaknesses of the HR policies, practices, and systems in deject of these issues. The analysis will also consider Cindy Hartleys objectives for changes at Sonoco and the drivers of these objectives.The primary environmental issues at the time of the case came from the changes in the packaging pains. In particular, the industry was going through a period of stagnation and change, with volume now less likely to subjoin and revenues under threat from low cost foreign competition whilst the industry as a whole began to consolidate (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 2). These trends highlighted the major weakness in Sonocos silo based approach to HR and the resulting disparate systems they created. Specifically, Sonocos HR practices tended to make it backbreaking for the company to control costs, and hence made it difficult for the company to do to market changes in a manner as aggressively as its rivals. This can be seen in the fact that the companys stock price significantly trailed the SP 50 between 1995 and 2000, despite the company increasing net income at this time (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 1). This indicates that investors felt the company was underperforming relative to the market, implying that costs could be hurt in a more effective manner.The other main change in the packaging industry was that customers were becoming more demanding, with more variations in packaging and higher(prenominal) levels of segmentation of many markets. As a result of this, clients expecte d the packaging companies they purchased from to be able to supply them with war-riddenly priced packaging that was highly responsive to industry trends, and to be able to guard new technologies and innovative tools to provide higher levels of customised service (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 2). This is another area in which Sonocos reactionary policies and practices made it difficult for the company to compete, and hence acted as a strong weakness. Specifically, the company lacked a strategic and proactive approach to HR, which cut its boilers suit major power to respond to trends in the marketplace. This meant Sonoco was restricted to developing new approaches as they were infallible, thus slowing the packaging concept to market oral communication cycle. The company hence had failed to align its HR function with the demands of the market, which is a headstone weakness in any HR system (Aswathappa, 2005).In light of these two issues, it can be seen that Cindy Hartleys objectives for changes at Sonoco are not simply those addressed in the case. The case adduces that the objectives were to increase accountability for talent heed to distribute HR talent and make systems and processes more consistent and to provide strategic support to the individual business units. However, in light of the environmental issues identified, her objectives can also be seen as being to improve talent counsel and performance management in order to increase overall performance to improve performance management in order to speed cost control by allowing the company to terminate underperforming employees and to provide strategic support to enable the company to be more proactive when responding to the demands of the market. military rankThis section will consider the supremacy of the HR changes at Sonoco, as well as the extent to which they are in line with call down of the art HR policies, practices, and systems, and how they could be improved through the implementat ion of trump HR practices relevant to the case.The fundamental change at Sonoco has been the introduction of a top down approach to performance management, with goal setting and targets being implemented at corporate level and trickled down to individual performance goals through negotiation. This practice has the benefit of attending to employee development needs and career development, as well as linking to the financial rewards system. The system as it stands appears to specify significant authority to the divisions to set their own goals, and lacks the crucial control and judicial decision techniques such as business intelligent and analytics to ensure that the performance management system provides strong support to the goals of the business (Elbashir et al, 2011, p. 155). On the other hand, the system has the benefit of being relatively simple and easy to implement, which Muras et al (2008, p. 65) beseech is more important that using complex processes which often confuse employees and managers. The system also implements 360 degree feedback for managers, which is critical in ensuring strong managerial development (Carson, 2006).One of the main issues that can be identified with the new performance management system is that it is focused on the value added by the individual. Whilst individual performance important, and will help overcome the problem of employees free riding, it is not in line with best practice performance measurement techniques. These techniques generally focus on the combination of individual and team up performance, in order to ensure a balance between the individual and team levels of performance (Addison and Haig, 2012, p. 37). In particular, a failure to incorporate team performance into the performance measurement approach take chancess harming team identification levels as employees see themselves as individuals rather than members of a team. As Solansky (2011, p. 247) notes, team identification is a vital driver of perfor mance, and hence by failing to attend to this there is the risk the new performance measurement system will hamper levels of team work. This is thus something that needs to be addressed through the implementation of best practice in the future.DesignThis section will focus on identifying managements of improving the existing HR policies, practices, and systems and how they can become state of the art or best practices. It will hence focus on making recommendations for improving the HR practices and addressing the problems identified in the case, as well as determining the right HR structure for Sonoco either centralization or hybrid.As noted above, one of the key methods that can be used to improve existing HR practices is to improve the performance management system to measure team work and individual contributions to team performance. According to Levasseur (2011, p. 204), contemporary organisation development theories hold that this needs to be achieved through consideration of various issues such as team development, conflict management and change management in the team context in order to create high performing teams. Hartley should thus look to include these factors in the new performance measurement framework to ensure high tincture outcomes.The other primary issues to be resolved are how to ensure effective talent management, how to be responsive to industry and market requirements, and how to save costs. alone of these issues are linked to the fundamental question of which HR model to implement the centralize model or the hybrid structure. Of these, each option has its own specific focus on different formulations of the organisation. The centralised model will offer greater cost savings as well as improved talent management across the entire organisation, as HR will be able to identify talented employees on an organisation wide basis and move or promote them as necessary. In contrast, the hybrid model will allow for greater responsiveness to ind ustry and market requirements due to the support provided to the general managers. The hybrid model also offers improved talent management at the divisional level as managers are encouraged to invest in their own people and provide them accordingly, although there are concerns over the level of companywide coordination and change management under a hybrid model (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 6).In general, the hybrid model appears to be more desirable as it improves market responsiveness and proactive behaviour due to the support offers to the general managers. Whilst it saves $400,000 less in costs, it still comes fill to meeting the $2,800,000 cost saving target, and the improved revenue is likely to be much more important for a business with revenues of around $2.5 trillion (Sonoco Products Company, 2012, p. 1). In general, current HR best practice is that the HR function and HR metrics should be focused on strategic alignment ahead off cost saving, as this will allow for higher levels of performance and a more positive HR strategy (Gates and Langevin, 2010, p. 111).The main question is hence which approach to talent management and change management is more take over. In this regard, it is important to note that, according to Martn-Alczar et al (2008, p. 103), best practice HR is moving away from universalistic and centralised approaches, and towards the acceptance of more contingent approaches. This provides further support to the hybrid model, as a model which is more contingent on divisional requirements and hence better able to adapt to specific organisational requirements, including providing the general managers with the specific intelligence, support and responsiveness they need in order to deal with the more competitive industry environment. At the same time, it is important to note that organisational strategy itself has an impact on the most effective HR practices, and hence the company should consider a more universal and centralised app roach if its strategy will better lend itself to such an approach. Determining the most effective approach to support the organisational strategy should thus be what Cindy Hartley should attend to next.5. ImplementationThis facial expression of the essay will consider how the changes should be sustained and the schedule and resources required in order to effectively bring about the suggested changes, as well as how the company will you know that the changes are effective. The first aspect of the implementation should be to implement the hybrid model, once this has been formally selected and alter as necessary to fit the organisational strategy. This will require the concerted effort of all the HR resources, with the specific implementation strategy depending on the approachability of these resources and the ability of the company to organise them to obtain the necessary capabilities (Wright et al, 2001, p. 701). The relative success of these implementation efforts should be measu red by considering the levels of support provided to the managers, as inform by the managers, as well as the achievement of the cost savings projected from the implementation of the new model (Becker and Gerhart, 1996) A similar approach can then be used to adapt the performance management approach in the company to the new organisational realities in order to improve team work, with levels of team performance used as a way to know these changes are effective (Armstrong and Baron, 2011).ReflectionThe learning activities undertaken in this faculty and during the analysis and completion of this case study have provided significant abilities with regards to my ability to provide solutions to the case. In particular, whilst studying this module I have learnt how to apply theoretical techniques and models from organisation development and human resources to specific cases and examples. This can be seen in my ability to apply theoretical concepts such as universalistic and contingent HR practices, as well as team work and performance management to the case of Sonoco. This will also assist me in my future managerial career, as I will be able to apply these concepts to the companies I work for.The other primary way in which the learning activities on this module have contributed to my ability to provide solutions to the case is that they have helped me to analyse a practical situation and determine the nail down causes of the situation from the symptoms. For example, in this case I was able to use the literary works to link the acquisition based nature of the companys growth to the development of its HR silos, and use this to make recommendations to address this issue. I was also able to identify and analyse the implications of the hybrid and centralised models using theory, and hence make appropriate recommendations in this area, something which will be useful if I face a similar situation later in my career.