Benefits of Multiple Intelligences

Benefits of Multiple refreshfuls programsAs there is no standard definition of watchword, it re primary(prenominal)s one of the nigh controversial subjects in psychology as well as education. While some researchers suggested that intelligence is a planetary business leader other believe that it is a combination of various ranges of skills and talents. Based on the theories of comprehend intelligence as a full general capacity, IQ (Intelligence Quotient) tests which evaluate abilities as problem-solving, memory, schooling, and pattern recognition nurture been widely familiar in diagno tattle learners abilities and potential, especi in ally among young learners. However, some indicated that the tests were disputable and limited, as non-cognitive factors much(prenominal) as emotions in addition play an important role in peoples lives, which the IQ tests do not include. Also, the IQ tests were unable to reflect on how people learn and obtain knowledge. A successful dust up learner requires a wide variety of abilities which an IQ test is unable to diagnosis. (Lightbown Spada, 2002) It was until the introduction of Multiple Intelligences (MI) by Howard Gardner in 1983 that emotional intelligences were formally acknowledged and intelligences were seen as a range of interconnected abilities and talents (Gardner, 1983). Gardners theories revolutionize the intellectual world, brought immature insights into education as MI theories seek to help students identify and get around their strengths discovering more effective ways of training as well as learning. This article gives a brief introduction on the schooling of intelligence theories and MI theories. Then it focuses on the benefits of MI theories and how it could be accommodated with English language teaching method actings.2 Theories of IntelligenceAccording to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word intelligence means the ability to learn or image or to deal with new or trying situations or t he ability to apply knowledge to manipulate ones environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (Retrieved May 18th, 2010, from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intelligence). Historically, the graduation coif people who studied intelligence were neither psychologists nor educators but philosophers such(prenominal) as Plato who linked peoples intelligence to blocks of wax, differing in size and purity (Cianciolo Sternberg, 2004). It was in the early twentieth century that Charles Spearman, a British psychologist proposed the theory of general intelligence (or the g factor) which brought light into modern theories of intelligence. Spearman compargond a number of mental aptitude tests and found similarities in the results. Therefore, he concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability which could be measured and examine (Spearman, 1904). Later on, the French psychologist Alfred Binet invented the startle intelligence test, known as todays IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test (Cianciolo Sternberg, 2004). However, as scholars began to take that the general intelligence theory emphasized only on cognitive aspects such as problem-solving, the assume for a new intelligence emerged.In the 1920s, Edward Thorndike described the term social intelligence as the ability to manage and understand people and to act wisely in humane relations (Matthews et al., 2004). Similarly, in 1940, David Wechsler argued that conative non-intelligent factors which bring in strongly to intelligent behavior argon inhering to success in life and that the intelligence precedent would not be complete unless such factors argon included (Boyatzis, 2007). In 1983, Gardner introduced the theory of Multiple Intelligence which included both Interpersonal intelligence (the ability to understand the inner feelings of other people) and Intrapersonal intelligence (the ability to understand oneself) which deals with emotions (Gardner, 1983). Gardner believed that the general intelligence was unable to fully explain cognitive ability and performance issuecomes, and that intelligence is too complicated to be restricted in one concept.3 The theory of Multiple IntelligencesOriginally, Gardner set s eve graphemes of intelligence in 1983, which includes Verbal/linguistic, Logical/mathematical, Musical, Bodily/ kinesthetic, Spatial/visual, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal intelligence (Gardner, 1983). The first two shit been highly wanted in schools the next three are very much associated with humanistic discipline and the final two are what Gardner referred to as personal intelligences, dealing with feelings and emotions. An eighth intelligence, naturalistic, was added latter (Gardner, 1999).In Frames of Mind, Gardner pointed out that the traditional intelligence which school systems normally emphasis on is mainly based on a narrow range of verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical skills. As though such skills are important to an in dividuals studies and future career other types of intelligences, especially the personal intelligences are also innate to human development and almost impossible to live without (Gardner, 1983). Good interpersonal skills are of significant value to an sweet social life. For many children, the strongest skills lie in the other areas than verbal and logical intelligence, which tend to be often clocks neglected according to the traditional intelligence theory. MI theories provide students an opportunity to learn through their strengths, get under ones skin more successful at learning all subjects and even improving the traditionally highly valued elemental skills.According to Gardner, the eight intelligences are separate and independent. Each individual possess a basic set of intelligences which develop at different times to different degrees (Gardner, 1999). However, Gardner also stated that the intelligences are fast related to each other and rarely operate independently. They are utilise at the same time and tend to complement each other (Gardner, 1983). For example, a dancer requires musical skills to follow the rhythm, but also kinesthetic skills to move properly and interpersonal skills to attract the audience and intrapersonal skills to express her emotions. As the different intelligences are closely connected when proficiency in one area develops, another area or even the whole constellation of intelligence may be enhanced (Gardner, 1983). Therefore, it is important to encourage students to explore and exercise all of their intelligences.Gardner also emphasized that there is not one intelligence superior than the other all the intelligences are equally important and essential to an individuals development (Gardner, 1983). Most people tend to neglect kinesthetic intelligence and limit it to athletes. However, many highly professional occupations require people with good kinesthetic skills, such as electronics, mechanics and surgeons. A surgeon must acquire the ability to control his muscles very finely.As Gardner stated, the eight intelligences are amoral which could be put to constructive or destructive use (Gardner, 1999). Therefore, it is important for teachers to understand MI theories and use it positively in their classes.4 The benefits of MI theoriesThough there are certain criticisms concerned on Gardners theory of MI, it received positive response from many educators and has been widely applied to schooling. On first thought, the idea of teaching different intelligences sounds impossible for formal education teaching one is solid enough already, let alone eight. Gardner responds to this by clarifying that psychology does not necessarily dictate education it helps to understand its conditions preferably (Gardner, 1999). Also, eight types of intelligence could be seen as eight ways of teaching instead of one which could be more accessible to learners one way or another.On a general basis, MI theories have three bene fitsSelf-development and formation. MI theories can help students and teachers better understand their abilities. It helps students to build up confidence as it demonstrates how they can use their strengths to address their weaknesses. It motivates students to find where their interest and strength lies and push their abilities further.A broader choice of schooling. All intelligences are required for an individual to live a full life. Therefore, teachers need to assist to all intelligences, not just the ones that the traditional intelligence focuses on. MI theories are suitable for differentiated and tell apart learning providing teachers the potential to develop new and flexible programs which might better meet the learners needs. Teachers could also redesign old courses to suit new requirements (Green Tanner, 2005). A variety of activities could be included in the new curriculum, which would intimately motivate and attract learners.MI theories also look into morality. Gardner once considered adding a moral intelligence to the MI theories. yet he later came to the conclusion that Morality is a complex concept combined with numerous psychological aspects such as personality, will and character. Therefore it is not an intelligence in itself (Gardner, 1999). But he did not give up on the idea of moral intelligence and stated that we must gauge out how intelligence and morality can work together to create a world in which a great variety of people will want to live (Gardner, 1999).Sometimes teachers unconsciously lodge MI theories into their teaching program such as using visual support or contend a song. When they fully understand MI theories and its benefits it could be more beneficial to them in their teaching process. Therefore, it is essential to include MI theories in teacher education.5 Accommodating MI theories in ELTMI theories have the potential to be adapted into all teaching methods, although there are three main costes which collaborate wit h MI theories constructively. They are the Communicative linguistic communication tenet Approach (CLT), Task-based Learning (TBL) and the SAFER model.The Communicative Language Teaching Approach (CLT)The definition of CLT differs among different people a narrow interpretation of is that it is a teaching access code used in second or foreign language education which sees communication as the method and the goal of learning a language. Activities in CLT typically involves student making confabulations, role-plan and simulation being popular ones (Harmer, 2007). CLT considers learners needs and different requirements just as MI do, also being flexible in nature. CLT is a typical approach which combines different intelligences together. By making conversations, students have the opportunity to practice their verbal and logical skills. When talking to each other, they also practice their interpersonal skills. By asking students to make a conversation regarding a picture or ones own e xperience, visual and intrapersonal skills could also be developed. Students could also be asked to sing or dance along songs to practice their musical and kinesthetic skills.Task-based Learning (TBL)TBL is a teaching approach of making meaningful tasks the focus of the learning process. It is formed on the assumption that students will naturally acquire the language focused on tasks instead of language forms (Harmer, 2007). Willis (1994) suggested that TBL usually contains three stages Pre-task, the Task cycle and the Language focus (cited from Harmer, 2007). Like CLT, TBL also frees the students from limited language control. In all three stages students are advance to use their own language rather than practicing one pre-selected item. The language explored arises from the students needs which are personalized and applicable to them. They will be exposed to a wide range of phrases, collocations as well as language forms. A TBL class also gives the students plenty of opportuniti es to communicate, bringing a large variety of enjoyable and move activities which could be combined with MI theories into the classroom.The SAFER approachUnlike the previous two, the SAFER approach is less popular and used by teachers. SAFER was proposed by Berman, indicating that this model is an alternative to the traditional ELT classroom pedagogy. Berman stated that the SAFER model incorporated antecedent models such as PPP (Present Practice Produce) and TBL combining educational kinesiology and Suggestopaedia techniques (Berman, 1998).The steps in SAFER includesS riding horse the sceneA AuthenticityF Focusing on main features of each intelligence typeE Error correctionR Review(Berman, 1998)Berman believed that the SAFER method could help to create better learning conditions and enhance the learning process through revision. However, his approach is considered quite specified and not widely adapted. But Berman has indeed made a great effort in applying contemporary pedagogic al thought to ELT, brining new insights to the application of MI theories.6 ConclusionsAmong the two main theories of intelligence general and multiple intelligence MI theories have been generally considered more scientific, including non-cognitive factors such as emotions. Gardners MI theories brought new insights into education, helping students to identify and develop their strengths and discovering more effective teaching methods. Gardner stated that all the eight intelligences are equally important and essential to an individuals development. As though the intelligences are separate, they seldom operate independently. Therefore, development in one area often increases the development of another (Gardner, 1983). The intelligences could work positively and negatively, consequently, it is important for teachers to understand MI theories and how to apply it to their teaching methods. MI theories have the potential to be adapted to all teaching methods although there are three main approaches which collaborate with MI theories constructively. Which are the Communicative Language Teaching Approach (CLT), Task-based Learning (TBL) and the SAFER model. MI theories are of wide adaptability and flexibility, to use MI theories effectively, teachers should always remain open-minded and creative, prepared to make changes in their teaching methodology.