History of the Middle East

CW43 The midpoint due east and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c19002001 Judaic settlement in heaven, 190045 Conflict Causes of conflict social movement and regulate of other actors and Changing Arab-Israeli relation stations Proposed solutions institution-wide events World strugglefare One Misperceptions Actors Ottoman empire Jewish settlements genus capital of France Peace league Britain and Arabs all in ally against the OttomanUna enunciate of ware of the details of the Sykes-Picot Until 1917, safekeeping of Arab customs in L everywheres of Zion Rishon-le-Zion more than 40 Arabs should have the right to depicted object Empire expectation from the Arabs that Agreement and the Balfour Declaration Britainsheaven Zionist settlements in heaven by 1914 Jewishself-determination need for a major fountain they would get Palestine in return concomitant for twain them and Zionism population doubled in the midst of to help them run their sweet country Hussein-McMahon lett ers Actors Britain 192229 Britain received the order to look later on Arab disagreement with various proposals Balfour Declaration given a designate over Palestine, also confirmed that the terms policy-making conflict verdict of capital of France Peace Conference Palestine by the genus Paris Peace Conference helped Reasons for migration of the Balfour Declaration should apply to Emir Feisal becomes king of an Arab fix Decision to complicate the Balfour Declaration in the Jews build up their military military forces such as Influence of Rothschild Herzl and the Zionist the unseasoned country consisting of Palestine, Lebanon, the way n which Palestine was to be governed the Hagannah and the Irgun Zvai Leumi Congress in 1897 Jewish National Fund Transjordan and Syria in globe opposes Peel spread abroad proposed a Jewish convey and an Peel Report Zionist migration Arab parties unite to Arab show Actors King-Crane Commission Wartime immigration Palestine should be dual-lane into a Jewish form the Arab Higher Committee Ben cerebrate that the case for a Zionist presence Jews smuggled in by ship the Struma ground and an Arab state Britain to keep Gurions conclave at the Biltmore Hotel Rate of settlement should be dropped findings ignored by Paris meet of the area around Jerusalem calls for the immediate creation of a Herbert Samuels influence Jewish population Peace Conference Jewish state in Palestine doubled between 192229 1939 sportsman same(p) Paper Actors France Jewish immigration to be limited to 75,000 Civil noncompliance Extreme Zionism King Feisal started attacking the French French over the following five years no more 1936 general strike Vladimir Jabotinsky, proof near the re go him from Syria and Lebanon immigration with out(a) Arab consent Mosque of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Arab-Israeli violence ActorsHerbert Samuel 1942 Biltmore Programme Protest against Samuels decision 1929 Jewish dis satisfaction British Jew, High Commissioner of Palestine Calls for the immediate creation of a shambles Irgun planted bombs and shot Anger at the 1939 White Paper in light of the 16,500 Jews to be allowed to settle in Palestine Jewish state in Palestine Arabs in response to the White Paper national socialist threat in 1920 Arab-British violence Events First World War Paris Peace Conference 193739 rebellion Jewish-British violence Lehi, Abraham Stern, Lord Moyne, Irgun violence World War Two 30,000 Jews in Palestine joined the British army The creation of the state of Israel and its sham Conflict Causes of conflict Presence and influence of other actors and Changing Arab-Israeli relationships Proposed solutions international events Irgun and Lehi British immigration limits ch blood lineman Truman Propaganda Ben Gurion and the Jewish Agency UN voted in November 1947 to air division From 1946, the Irgun and the Lehi began a Despite prexy Trumans declaration that Demanded that 100,000 Jews be allowed into continued to try to smuggle Jews into Palestine Palestine six months from that date large-scale campaign of violence against 100,000 Jews should be allowed into Palestine, Palestine at once Jerusalem should be an international regularize the British, including the blowing up of the British fixed the limit at 1500 a month. Political change under UN control Jewish and Arab states the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, This was the lastly straw for the Lehi and the United Nations On 15 May 1948, the British mandate cease and should be linked in an economic union to central office of the British government in Irgun Exodus Asked to take tooshie the mandate from Britain and the Arab and Jewish states came into being the help each others heap Palestine, which killed 91 lot decide the future of the country UN Special Jews named their state Israel and formed a UNSCOP Plan Committee on Palestine truce arranged on government led by David Ben Gurion Death damage Jewish state would be larger than the Arab 11 June 1948 which allowed the Israelis to 212 killings in Palestine state vote for part was followed by reorganise their army and conveyance of title the Czech Effects of the violence violent Arab protests which in brief turned into weapons they had bought precedent in the year fromN primal a one thousand thousand Palestinians left hand or were Civil War killings and counter-killings between Jews and Europe second truce lasted until October 15 forced to leave their homes most went to Jordan Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin capture of Arabs and the Gaza impoverish, galore(postnominal) went to Syria and Tiberias, Haifa and Jaffa Hagganah Arab coalition Lebanon Arab state of Palestine ceased to occupied most of the Arab areas of westbound Purchasing of harness Palestine turned to it for help however, it hadexist Palestinians became a minori ty people in Jerusalem Hagannah leaders went to Skoda arms firm in precisely been created recently and its members were the new state of Israel Czechoslovakia and bought a huge quantity of divided on many issues War of Liberation armaments Reasons for Palestinian migration The polite war of 1948 was about to turn Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli military into an international war, the first of a Arab League assistance achievement Arab leaders promote them to leave series of Arab-Israeli conflicts that has Arab League in celestial latitude 1947 declared partition during the conflict rocked the Middle East since 1948.On 15 illegal and gave the Palestinians 10,000 rifles May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, early in 1948 it formed an Arab Liberation Army Transjordan, Iraq and Syria entered of 3000 volunteers to fight in partition Palestine with the aim of helping the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state Formation of Ben Gurion government of Israel which had been created that dayFive neighbouring Arab countries sent armies to Arab Legion of Transjordan had interpreted back stance make war on Israel control of the Old urban center of Jerusalem Israelis seized western Galilee drove the Lebanese back north Israel was left in control of 80% of the priming Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 War of 1948 War of 1956 War of 1967 War of 1973 Description Description Description Description On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, Lasted for 10 days trespass began on 5 June 1967 Israeli initial air strike (bombed Egyptian 6 October the twenty-four hours of conciliation Arab initial success Iraq and Syria entered Palestine with the aim of helping 29 October travel deep into Sinai involvement of airfields and launched similar attacks against the other smashed Israels Suez provide defences 80,000 Egyptians the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish sta te of Israel Britain and France Egypt refused to evacuate Suez television channel Arab air forces) land war (drove Egyptians out of the crossed the canal destroyed Israeli armored combat vehicles Syria which had been created that day zone and were bombed by the British and French UN voted Gaza strip and Sinai disappointed Jordan within two days, advanced into the Golan Heights and drove the Israelis for a ceasefire Arab countries stop supplying Britaincapturing the Old City of Jerusalem and the West Bank back into Galilee Israel fought back US weapons sent to Causes with oil ground forces refused to donjon the invasion Eden attacked the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and this Israel 254,000 reservists mobilised 14 October tank Establishment of Ben Gurion government unhappiness with forced to agree to a ceasefire simply 24 hours after the was over by June 10) United Nations ordered a ceasefire battle against the Egyptians Israel crossed into the the UN Partition Plan Br itish mandate expiring both first British troops had landed in Egypt UN Emergency which the Arab nations had to take up Suez Canal international pressure USSR wanted it ended sides rearmed Force moved in to police the border between Egypt and (feared that the Egyptians would lose) USA wanted it Israel Causes ended (did not want to provoke the Soviets into giving Effects - Syria became violently anti-Israel (General Jedids even more weapons to Egypt and Syria) joint ceasefire - Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed armistices Causes takeover, attacks by al-al-Asifa guerrillas from Syria proposed came into force on 22 October with Israel but no peace treaty many Arabs have refused- Nasser wanted to avenge Egypts defeat in the 1948 warincreased) to recognise Israel and have talked about destroying itagainst Israel and to return Palestine to the Arabs - Land contend Israeli tractor ploughed up some Causes many Jews arrived in Israel from breathing refugee camps increa sed wealth and armed strength his reputation in Arab-owned land close to the border and met Syrian fire. - Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 and he wanted to move around and communities from Eastern Europe the Arab world increased he aimed to unite the Arabs Israel responded by bombing Syrian guns.Israel warned the Arab defeat of 1967 - Israels first law in 1950 was the Law of Return under Egyptian leadership that it would strike back if Syria did not stop - Egypt was more ready asked the USSR for assistance anti-Jewish riots in Iraq, Zionism was guilty by - 1955 arms agreement with Czechoslovakia gave Egypt - USSR intervention (incorrectly argued that Israel was plans were made for an invasion of Sinai crossways the Suez death Arab protest at Israeli diversion of the waters many Soviet weapons ready to invade Syria at short notice) King Feisal of Canal Syria would also attack from the Golan Heights of River Jordan - Support for Algerian rebels angered France back upSaudi Arab ia and King Hussein of Jordan promised to help - Need for $65 million of international aid to cope withArab rebels who were fighting the French in their colonisationSyria Effects new humanitarian needs change of leadership in Arab of Algeria - Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to leave Egyptian - Israeli victory 12,000 Arabs had been killed compared governments assassination of Egyptian blossoming minister in- Nationalisation of Aswan dam up angered Britain it had territory UN was ordered to withdraw barred the Gulf to 2000 Israelis 1948 a series of military takeovers in 1949 in 1950 been owned largely by British and French shareholders of Aqaba to Israeli ships military pacts (Jordan and - Oil as a weapon OAPEC increased the price of Arab oil assassination of Lebanese prime minister murder of Nasser did this after Britain and the USA cancelled theEgypt formed a defence pact eight Arab states were until Israel withdrew from Egypt and Syria King Abdullah of Jordan coup in E gypt which gave loans they had promised gathered to attack) Moshe Dayan (appointed Minister of - USA tried to appease the Arabs Colonel Nasser power Arab leaders beatified their defeat - Increase of Fedayeen ttacks angered Israel Defence) decided to use attack as a form of defence - Britain stopped supplying Israel with weapons on Britain and the USA and concentrated on improving continuance of cross-border attacks closing of the - EEC evince sympathy for the Palestinians their economies entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli ships - Kissingers proposal detachment of Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974 they should withdraw to pre-ceasefire positions UN army should control the gap between them Israel should withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) War of 1948 War of 1956 War of 1967 War of 1973 Some of the new leaders hoped for a union of the ArabEffects Eff ects countries very bitty action taken on Palestinian - Egypts military power reduced 1000 casualties - Israel improved its strength and security kept refugees among all Arab countries, except Jordan Israel accepted as a permanent member of the Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and doubled Fedayeen established secret guerrilla attacks on international association the size of the country Israeli targets each year from 1949 to 1955, some 250 - Britain and France crushed their influence in the- Disaster for the Arabs 15,000 men killed 800 tanks Israelis were killed or wounded in such attacks.This Middle East declined had to leave Egypt empty-handed captured or destroyed suffering for the Palestinians prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, including an failed to overthrow Nasser failed to keep the Suez those who had been living in the West Bank and the Gaza attack on the village of Qibya in Jordan in 1953 and in Canal open had to introduce petrol ratio ning Strip were now in occupied territories and faced heavy 1955 the Israelis mounted a raid on the Gaza strip after- Israel gained security against Fedayeen attacks restrictions on their lives a series of Fedayeen attacks on their territory Arab destroyed their bases UN took over Sharm el-Sheikh and - Strength of Fatah Turned to Fatah rather than other boycott of Israeli trade wind Israeli ships could not use Gaza emergence of Palestine Liberation plaque Arab states Fatah increased their weapons Battle of the Suez Canal confiscation of cargo from Israeli - Nassers reputation in the Arab world increased Karameh Arafat became leader uninterrupted fighting ships which called at Arab ports Israel was in a pro-western governments in Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq between Egypt and Israel support from USSR 1970 permanent state of tension turned against France and Britain hopes for United Arabceasefire Guerrilla warfare (PFLP, Dawsons Field League were soon dashed hijacki ngs), Black phratry Organisation assassinated the Prime Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later murdered xi Israeli athletes taking part in the Munich Olympic Games failed diplomatic enterprise UN Resolution 242 Arab nationalism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the Arab world Divisions in the Arab world Conflict chair Sadat Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon Sadats initiative recognised Israels existence Camp David Agreement of 1978 chapiter Treaty 1979 caused 26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a busbar hijack PLO continued their attacks undeterred by the UN fury in the Arab world President Sadat was murdered by angry Egyptian soldiers or the Christian militia leader, Major Haddad June 1982 172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon UN let them pass forced the PLO out of Beirut PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel assassination of pro-Israeli Lebanon Maronite President Gemayel of Lebanon Sabra-Chatila massac re turned public opinion in Israel against the war Sunnis, Shiites, Druzes Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics conflict between Maronites and Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned Israel had to withdraw from Beirut met with self-destruction bombs from fanatical SunniMuslims refugee task Shiites PLO in Lebanon PLO attacks Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them full-scale civil war between By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in south Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on Israel splinter groups came Phalangist Militia and Tiger Militia and Shiite and Druze Muslims Syria invaded Lebanon on the side of the into being Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner Christians and then killed Christians Internationalisation of conflict Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon Terror campaign was spread in places like Britain and France in 1986 an American soldier was killed by a terrorist Islamic international jihad Organisation Hezbollah Arab Red Knights Black Brigades civil war concern taking of hostages bomb in West Berlin US bombing of capital of Libya and Benghazi Rise of Hamas from Fatah Political dissension within Israel Following on from this, Hamas and other militant organisations rose to power and shook the foundations of the Peres dialogue in Morocco and Egypt Taba Yitzchak Shamir no negotiation with the Arabs over the West Bank authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat remained in his position until a month before Jewish settlers continued to build new settlements there Likud talked of extreme solutions such as the nnexation his death in 2004 of the occupied territories Intifada On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army patrol shot two attackers uprising soon followed strikes and economic boycotts refused to work for Israeli employers Israels response iron clenched fi st Arafats change of tactics Renounced terrorism proclamation of independent state of Palestine sought to negotiate a settlement with Israel USA entered into talks with the PLO the Oslo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO chair Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-government in the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to get as close to their stated aims as was realistically possible, but this by no means marked the end of the conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 200004 Sources Lowe, N. Mastering Modern World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 997) BBC series, acold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, published by Transworld in 1998 Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnells History of the 20th century, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) Kyle, K. Suez Britains End of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2003) Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinemann, 1976) Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Penguin, 2003) Perkins, S. J.The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) Processes (Part A) Assess the impact of British intervention 191421 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 194556 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of the Cold War 195673 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 199091 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. The role of individuals (Part A) What was the short-term importee of David Ben Gurion? What was the short-term significance of Colonel Abdel Nasser? What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? What was the short-term significance of Saddam Hussein? Key events (Part A) What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? What was the short-term significance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995? Processes (Part B) How meaning(a) was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 19002001? How significant was Israeli migration as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationali sm in the years 19002001? The role of individuals (Part B) Assess the significance of the role of individuals in touching Israeli-Arab relations in the years 19002001. Key events (Part B) To what tip do you tip over the Balfour Declaration to be a chance on turning point in the governmental breeding of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you allot the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the founding of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century?